Infections of the Respiratory System
... Some pathogens are restricted to certain sites Legionella only infects the lung Other pathogens cause infection in multiple sites Streptococcus can cause: Middle ear infections Sinusitis Pneumonia ...
... Some pathogens are restricted to certain sites Legionella only infects the lung Other pathogens cause infection in multiple sites Streptococcus can cause: Middle ear infections Sinusitis Pneumonia ...
Regeneration or scarring: An immunologic perspective
... 1996; Singer and Clark, 1999). Tissue injury disrupts capillaries, which immediately triggers activation of platelets to begin the clotting cascade and the events of inflammation. Neutrophils enter the injured tissue with the major function of removing bacteria, but these cells and other leukocytes r ...
... 1996; Singer and Clark, 1999). Tissue injury disrupts capillaries, which immediately triggers activation of platelets to begin the clotting cascade and the events of inflammation. Neutrophils enter the injured tissue with the major function of removing bacteria, but these cells and other leukocytes r ...
Homeostasis and function of T cells in healthy - UvA-DARE
... CD4+ T cells play a critical role in forming adaptive immune responses against various pathogens 1-3. Furthermore, they are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergic responses 4;5. CD4+ T cells consist of several different T helper (Th) lineages, including ...
... CD4+ T cells play a critical role in forming adaptive immune responses against various pathogens 1-3. Furthermore, they are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergic responses 4;5. CD4+ T cells consist of several different T helper (Th) lineages, including ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
... Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (Farautet al., 2011-b; Palma et al., 2007). These changes have been associated with the changes in immune function. Everson (1993), reported a hypercatabolic state in sleep deprived rats which was associated with bacteremia due to a breakdown of host defence mecha ...
... Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (Farautet al., 2011-b; Palma et al., 2007). These changes have been associated with the changes in immune function. Everson (1993), reported a hypercatabolic state in sleep deprived rats which was associated with bacteremia due to a breakdown of host defence mecha ...
clever-1 as an immune suppressive molecule
... mechanisms in the host against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites or against any abnormal activity like cancer growth or foreign substances. This process of defending the host against a pathogen is called the immune response and the resistance to disease is known as immunity. The ...
... mechanisms in the host against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites or against any abnormal activity like cancer growth or foreign substances. This process of defending the host against a pathogen is called the immune response and the resistance to disease is known as immunity. The ...
Endotoxin can induce MyD88-deficient dendritic cells to support Th2
... immunity. A TLR-associated adapter protein, MyD88, is essential for cytokine production induced by TLR. However, in response to a TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), MyD88-de®cient (MyD88±/±) DC can up-regulate co-stimulatory molecule expression and enhance their T cell stimulatory activity, indi ...
... immunity. A TLR-associated adapter protein, MyD88, is essential for cytokine production induced by TLR. However, in response to a TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), MyD88-de®cient (MyD88±/±) DC can up-regulate co-stimulatory molecule expression and enhance their T cell stimulatory activity, indi ...
Immunization of Specific Antibodies following Mucosal T Cells and
... the role of cDCs in CD4⫹ T cell activation is not clear. For example, although depletion of CD11chigh cells significantly reduces the expansion of adoptively transferred vesicular stomatatis virus (VSV)specific CD4⫹ T cells following i.v. infection (17), it does not affect the VSV-driven generation ...
... the role of cDCs in CD4⫹ T cell activation is not clear. For example, although depletion of CD11chigh cells significantly reduces the expansion of adoptively transferred vesicular stomatatis virus (VSV)specific CD4⫹ T cells following i.v. infection (17), it does not affect the VSV-driven generation ...
Non-immunological defense in an evolutionary framework Parker , Seth M. Barribeau
... through North America [20]. Lastly, even if they cannot reduce the probability of infection or reduce parasite growth, some hosts can compensate for the fitness lost from infection through ‘fecundity compensation’. This is where an individual changes the timing of her reproductive efforts in respons ...
... through North America [20]. Lastly, even if they cannot reduce the probability of infection or reduce parasite growth, some hosts can compensate for the fitness lost from infection through ‘fecundity compensation’. This is where an individual changes the timing of her reproductive efforts in respons ...
and anti-inflammatory phenomena in the physiopathology of type 2
... The immune environment in the lean AT is predominantly non-inflammatory. In this tissue, eosinophils and innate lymphoid cells drive a bias towards a type 2 immune response, secreting cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, which maintain AT macrophages in an anti-inflammatory, M2-li ...
... The immune environment in the lean AT is predominantly non-inflammatory. In this tissue, eosinophils and innate lymphoid cells drive a bias towards a type 2 immune response, secreting cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, which maintain AT macrophages in an anti-inflammatory, M2-li ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - CBS
... There is an existing vaccine against TB, the so called BCG vaccine. This was constructed using the attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis. However, the vaccine has several limitations such as varying efficiency, waning protection in adolescence and no protection against pulmonary TB in adults [2]. ...
... There is an existing vaccine against TB, the so called BCG vaccine. This was constructed using the attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis. However, the vaccine has several limitations such as varying efficiency, waning protection in adolescence and no protection against pulmonary TB in adults [2]. ...
Delayed acquisition of Plasmodium falciparum antigen
... Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
... Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
Poster
... cells of an RhD positive (RhD+) baby comes in contact with the immune system of an RhD negative (RhD-) mother. The mother’s immune system identifies the RhD protein on the baby’s erythrocytes as foreign, and produces anti-D antibodies which cross the placenta causing destruction of the baby’s red ce ...
... cells of an RhD positive (RhD+) baby comes in contact with the immune system of an RhD negative (RhD-) mother. The mother’s immune system identifies the RhD protein on the baby’s erythrocytes as foreign, and produces anti-D antibodies which cross the placenta causing destruction of the baby’s red ce ...
PDF
... In contrast to molecular mimicry, production of antibodies against a brain antigen can occur in the periphery when a tumor cell expresses surface proteins found in the brain. Tumor masses are known to express a wide variety of non-tissue-specific surface proteins, including neuronal antigens. The or ...
... In contrast to molecular mimicry, production of antibodies against a brain antigen can occur in the periphery when a tumor cell expresses surface proteins found in the brain. Tumor masses are known to express a wide variety of non-tissue-specific surface proteins, including neuronal antigens. The or ...
Cryptic T-Cell Epitopes and their Role in the
... mechanisms which provide lymphocytes with access to such autoantigens are therefore fundamental in creating the opportunity for autoimmune responses to develop. It has long been thought that the tissue or cellular location of some selfproteins may determine that they are normally `hidden' from immun ...
... mechanisms which provide lymphocytes with access to such autoantigens are therefore fundamental in creating the opportunity for autoimmune responses to develop. It has long been thought that the tissue or cellular location of some selfproteins may determine that they are normally `hidden' from immun ...
Integr. Comp. Biol.-2011-Rollins-Smith-552
... as B. dendrobatidis in the species that produce them. Individual purified antimicrobial peptides inhibit growth of B. dendrobatidis in vitro (reviewed by Rollins-Smith and Conlon 2005; Rollins-Smith 2009), and some inhibit growth of another fungus, Basidiobolus ranarum (Rollins-Smith et al. 2002a). ...
... as B. dendrobatidis in the species that produce them. Individual purified antimicrobial peptides inhibit growth of B. dendrobatidis in vitro (reviewed by Rollins-Smith and Conlon 2005; Rollins-Smith 2009), and some inhibit growth of another fungus, Basidiobolus ranarum (Rollins-Smith et al. 2002a). ...
Mitochondria: an Unexpected Force in Innate Immunity
... receptors that are widely expressed on both immune and non-immune cells (5). TLRs such as TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR6 are predominately expressed at the cell membrane, matching their ability to recognise constituents of bacterial membranes. In contrast, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are found in int ...
... receptors that are widely expressed on both immune and non-immune cells (5). TLRs such as TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR6 are predominately expressed at the cell membrane, matching their ability to recognise constituents of bacterial membranes. In contrast, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are found in int ...
A 205-Nucleotide Deletion in the 3= Untranslated Region of Avian
... Repertoires from the first and the second vaccinations were prepared as previously described (5, 7). For the third vaccination, the procedure for sorting single B cells had been optimized to include a marker for CD27. For all repertoires, single plasma blasts were applied directly into microtiter pl ...
... Repertoires from the first and the second vaccinations were prepared as previously described (5, 7). For the third vaccination, the procedure for sorting single B cells had been optimized to include a marker for CD27. For all repertoires, single plasma blasts were applied directly into microtiter pl ...
Th17 development
... cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 can block IL-12 production, thereby reducing differentiation into Th12. This cross-regulation results in a balance between the two subsets with their differential effector mechanisms. Distortion of this balance has been implicated to lie at the basis of diseases like allergy ...
... cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 can block IL-12 production, thereby reducing differentiation into Th12. This cross-regulation results in a balance between the two subsets with their differential effector mechanisms. Distortion of this balance has been implicated to lie at the basis of diseases like allergy ...
Characterization of TLR2, NOD2, and related cytokines in mammary
... harvested at log phase. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) was determined by serial dilution and plate count method. Pregnant Wistar rats, n = 84, weighing 275 ± 25 g, were purchased from the Laboratory Animal Center of Yangzhou University, China. All the rats were raised in plastic c ...
... harvested at log phase. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) was determined by serial dilution and plate count method. Pregnant Wistar rats, n = 84, weighing 275 ± 25 g, were purchased from the Laboratory Animal Center of Yangzhou University, China. All the rats were raised in plastic c ...
Doctoral thesis from the Department of Immunology,
... determined the toxicity of an alkaloid extract of Evanta (AEE) on eukaryotic cells in vitro and afterwards analyzed the effect of AEE on parasite growth. At 10 µg/ml we observed inhibition of Leishmania braziliensis promastigote growth while viability of eukaryotic cells was practically not affected ...
... determined the toxicity of an alkaloid extract of Evanta (AEE) on eukaryotic cells in vitro and afterwards analyzed the effect of AEE on parasite growth. At 10 µg/ml we observed inhibition of Leishmania braziliensis promastigote growth while viability of eukaryotic cells was practically not affected ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.