Immune response on rabbit does of different genetic
... Rabbit health is considered a main handicap on commercial farms. The overall objective of this thesis was to study the immune response of rabbit does of different genetic types subjected to reproductive, environment and immunologic challenges, and its relationship with body condition. Effect of sele ...
... Rabbit health is considered a main handicap on commercial farms. The overall objective of this thesis was to study the immune response of rabbit does of different genetic types subjected to reproductive, environment and immunologic challenges, and its relationship with body condition. Effect of sele ...
Evasion of Host Immune Surveillance by Hepatitis C Virus: Potential
... is subclinical in the majority of acutely infected patients41. Although the serum alanine aminotransferase level is minimally elevated in acutely infected patients, this measurement is neither predictive of viremia and hepatitis nor of the eventual course of the disease21, 37. Chronic HCV infection ...
... is subclinical in the majority of acutely infected patients41. Although the serum alanine aminotransferase level is minimally elevated in acutely infected patients, this measurement is neither predictive of viremia and hepatitis nor of the eventual course of the disease21, 37. Chronic HCV infection ...
Immunotoxicity - KSU Faculty Member websites
... is inhibited, and the synthesis of IFN gamma and tumour necrosis factor is blocked. These events occur inside the cell at the transcriptional level. Cyclosporin A binds to an intracellular receptor, cyclophilin, forming a complex with calcineurin; this complex in turn interferes with the activation ...
... is inhibited, and the synthesis of IFN gamma and tumour necrosis factor is blocked. These events occur inside the cell at the transcriptional level. Cyclosporin A binds to an intracellular receptor, cyclophilin, forming a complex with calcineurin; this complex in turn interferes with the activation ...
Full-Text PDF
... Bacteroides fragilis, Akkermansia muciniphila and segmented filamentous bacteria in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. These obligate anaerobes are abundant in the healthy intestine but reduced in several inflammatory diseases, suggesting an association with protective effects on human healt ...
... Bacteroides fragilis, Akkermansia muciniphila and segmented filamentous bacteria in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. These obligate anaerobes are abundant in the healthy intestine but reduced in several inflammatory diseases, suggesting an association with protective effects on human healt ...
A robust, high-throughput assay to determine the phagocytic activity
... Phagocytosis can be induced via the engagement of Fcγ receptors by antibody-opsonized material. Furthermore, the efficiency of antibody-induced effector functions has been shown to be dramatically modulated by changes in antibody glycosylation. Because infection can modulate antibody glycans, which ...
... Phagocytosis can be induced via the engagement of Fcγ receptors by antibody-opsonized material. Furthermore, the efficiency of antibody-induced effector functions has been shown to be dramatically modulated by changes in antibody glycosylation. Because infection can modulate antibody glycans, which ...
Mucus Properties and Goblet Cell Quantification in Mouse, Rat and
... them to the immune cells in the subepithelial dome of the patch [11,15,16]. Uptake and transport of antigen and bacteria over the FAE is increased compared to regular villus epithelium, which results in higher amounts of transported material reaching the subepithelial dome [16]. Transepithelial tran ...
... them to the immune cells in the subepithelial dome of the patch [11,15,16]. Uptake and transport of antigen and bacteria over the FAE is increased compared to regular villus epithelium, which results in higher amounts of transported material reaching the subepithelial dome [16]. Transepithelial tran ...
Review The host–pathogen interaction during HBV infection
... equivalents). All three animals developed a self-limited infection after virus spread to almost 100% of hepatocytes. Starting at week 1 after infection, the authors analysed viral and clearance-related gene expression, searching for up- or down-regulated genes that correlated with the amount of HBV ...
... equivalents). All three animals developed a self-limited infection after virus spread to almost 100% of hepatocytes. Starting at week 1 after infection, the authors analysed viral and clearance-related gene expression, searching for up- or down-regulated genes that correlated with the amount of HBV ...
Drosophila innate immunity - University of Arizona | Ecology and
... ties between the activation of the NF-κB–related transactivator Dorsal genome-wide analysis of Drosophila immune responses46,47. by the Toll pathway during dorsoventral patterning in the early Prominent among these genes are those encoding the antifungal pepDrosophila embryo and the cytokine-induced ...
... ties between the activation of the NF-κB–related transactivator Dorsal genome-wide analysis of Drosophila immune responses46,47. by the Toll pathway during dorsoventral patterning in the early Prominent among these genes are those encoding the antifungal pepDrosophila embryo and the cytokine-induced ...
The immune system
... Cell mediated T cells are responsible for. They destroy targets foreing cells by themselves or they „call“ other cells to help them ...
... Cell mediated T cells are responsible for. They destroy targets foreing cells by themselves or they „call“ other cells to help them ...
Antibody
... degranulate, natural killer cells will release cytokines and cytotoxic molecules; that will ultimately result in destruction of the invading microbe. The Fc receptors are isotype-specific, which gives greater flexibility to the immune system, invoking only the appropriate immune mechanisms for disti ...
... degranulate, natural killer cells will release cytokines and cytotoxic molecules; that will ultimately result in destruction of the invading microbe. The Fc receptors are isotype-specific, which gives greater flexibility to the immune system, invoking only the appropriate immune mechanisms for disti ...
REVIEWS - Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie
... about two million people annually, and approximately one-third of the world’s population is asymptomatically infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis1, the main causative agent of this disease. Although effective treatments are available, the spread of drug-resistant mycobacteria and the need for th ...
... about two million people annually, and approximately one-third of the world’s population is asymptomatically infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis1, the main causative agent of this disease. Although effective treatments are available, the spread of drug-resistant mycobacteria and the need for th ...
Initial depletion of regulatory T cells: the missing
... sponse to allogeneic stimulation. An increased detection of Foxp3 at mRNA and protein levels in the cultures confirmed the Treg expansion. Overall, we demonstrate that T-cell cultures promote Treg expansion over effector T cells, leading to deleterious immune functions, and that this imbalance can b ...
... sponse to allogeneic stimulation. An increased detection of Foxp3 at mRNA and protein levels in the cultures confirmed the Treg expansion. Overall, we demonstrate that T-cell cultures promote Treg expansion over effector T cells, leading to deleterious immune functions, and that this imbalance can b ...
Investigations on immune sensing of Staphylococcus aureus in
... recognize them via special germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system, so called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins (NODs). These receptors are expressed almost ubiquitously on and inside of several cell ...
... recognize them via special germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system, so called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins (NODs). These receptors are expressed almost ubiquitously on and inside of several cell ...
How does Salmonella evade the adaptive immune system? by
... following oral ingestion and penetration of the intestinal epithelium (M cells) via bacterial-mediated endocytosis. 22 •23 Bacteria must survive the acidic pH of the stomach, antimicrobial peptides produced by certain intestinal cells, a thick mucus layer and overcome the barrier caused by the endog ...
... following oral ingestion and penetration of the intestinal epithelium (M cells) via bacterial-mediated endocytosis. 22 •23 Bacteria must survive the acidic pH of the stomach, antimicrobial peptides produced by certain intestinal cells, a thick mucus layer and overcome the barrier caused by the endog ...
Long-term protection from syngeneic acute
... by CpG ODN-treated splenocytes (data not shown). No additional killing was detected after a second 24-hour incubation after the addition of fresh CpG ODN. To measure the contribution of individual innate immune cell types to the observed CpG ODN-induced antileukemia activity, we performed the cytoto ...
... by CpG ODN-treated splenocytes (data not shown). No additional killing was detected after a second 24-hour incubation after the addition of fresh CpG ODN. To measure the contribution of individual innate immune cell types to the observed CpG ODN-induced antileukemia activity, we performed the cytoto ...
The human liver contains multiple populations of NK cells, T cells
... CD16, CD56, CD69, CD161 (NKR-P1A), and/or killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIR)6 for MHC class I (11–14). These include a human NKT cell population that coexpresses CD161 and a TCR that is structurally homologous to the murine Va14Ja281 TCR chain, Va24-JaQ (8), which, like their murine Va14Ja281 T ...
... CD16, CD56, CD69, CD161 (NKR-P1A), and/or killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIR)6 for MHC class I (11–14). These include a human NKT cell population that coexpresses CD161 and a TCR that is structurally homologous to the murine Va14Ja281 TCR chain, Va24-JaQ (8), which, like their murine Va14Ja281 T ...
Induction of protective immunity to Cryptococcal infection in mice by
... CCL3, CCL4, CCL2, IFN-␥, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and CCL5) showed significantly different levels in lung lysates of mice infected with KN99␣ and cda1⌬2⌬3⌬ mutant cells on day 3 p.i. (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). When an inoculum of 107 CFU was used, the levels of 11 of the 23 c ...
... CCL3, CCL4, CCL2, IFN-␥, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and CCL5) showed significantly different levels in lung lysates of mice infected with KN99␣ and cda1⌬2⌬3⌬ mutant cells on day 3 p.i. (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). When an inoculum of 107 CFU was used, the levels of 11 of the 23 c ...
Chapter 4 Dendritic cells secrete and target MHC class II carrying
... dendritic cells contain major histocompatibility complexes and can exert immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. If and how secretion of exosomes by dendritic cells is regulated was not known. We here show that mouse dendritic cells secrete exosomes into the immune synapse upon engagement wit ...
... dendritic cells contain major histocompatibility complexes and can exert immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. If and how secretion of exosomes by dendritic cells is regulated was not known. We here show that mouse dendritic cells secrete exosomes into the immune synapse upon engagement wit ...
Effects of Fish Oil and Corn Oil Diets on
... rophages (25-27) and suppressor T-lymphocytes (28, 29). Re cently, the suppressed immune competence of tumor bearers has been associated with tumor stimulation of myelopoiesis and the appearance of bone marrow-derived immune suppressor cells (30-32). Tumors have been shown to stimulate myelo poiesis ...
... rophages (25-27) and suppressor T-lymphocytes (28, 29). Re cently, the suppressed immune competence of tumor bearers has been associated with tumor stimulation of myelopoiesis and the appearance of bone marrow-derived immune suppressor cells (30-32). Tumors have been shown to stimulate myelo poiesis ...
Monomers Peptidoglycan, but Not to Peptidoglycan Respond
... the PGN had no biological activity as a polymer. Indeed, polymeric PGN was shown to be inert toward innate immune cells (4, 5, 10) and intact intestinal epithelial cells (6), although there is evidence to the contrary (11–13). The notion that immune cells recognize PGN monomers introduces the follow ...
... the PGN had no biological activity as a polymer. Indeed, polymeric PGN was shown to be inert toward innate immune cells (4, 5, 10) and intact intestinal epithelial cells (6), although there is evidence to the contrary (11–13). The notion that immune cells recognize PGN monomers introduces the follow ...
Infections of the Respiratory System
... Some pathogens are restricted to certain sites Legionella only infects the lung Other pathogens cause infection in multiple sites Streptococcus can cause: Middle ear infections Sinusitis Pneumonia ...
... Some pathogens are restricted to certain sites Legionella only infects the lung Other pathogens cause infection in multiple sites Streptococcus can cause: Middle ear infections Sinusitis Pneumonia ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.