Anthrax Lethal Toxin-Mediated Killing of Human and Murine
... Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized white blood cells that identify and present antigens to immune cells, T cells, in order to mount an immune response targeted against specific pathogens. DCs are critical to a host’s defense against infection. Previous work has shown that the anthrax bacterium di ...
... Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized white blood cells that identify and present antigens to immune cells, T cells, in order to mount an immune response targeted against specific pathogens. DCs are critical to a host’s defense against infection. Previous work has shown that the anthrax bacterium di ...
Exploiting Immune Response Dynamics in HIV Therapy
... was the notion that patterns of interrupted treatment with anti-viral agents could ”auto-immunize” patients, boosting their adaptive immune system’s response to HIV to the point where it was capable of maintaining the virus at low levels without the need for continued use of the anti-viral agents. S ...
... was the notion that patterns of interrupted treatment with anti-viral agents could ”auto-immunize” patients, boosting their adaptive immune system’s response to HIV to the point where it was capable of maintaining the virus at low levels without the need for continued use of the anti-viral agents. S ...
Equine allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells
... was assessed in vitro using modified one-way mixed leukocyte reactions, it was found that MHC class II-positive MSCs caused significantly increased responder T-cell proliferation equivalent to that of the positive control of MHC mismatched peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) [24]. As the in vitro mix ...
... was assessed in vitro using modified one-way mixed leukocyte reactions, it was found that MHC class II-positive MSCs caused significantly increased responder T-cell proliferation equivalent to that of the positive control of MHC mismatched peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) [24]. As the in vitro mix ...
IFN-g from CD4 T Cells Is Essential for Host Survival and Enhances
... Lack of CD4 T cells during initial infection results in delayed IFN-g and NOS2 production, but eventually levels comparable with WT are reached, because other cells can produce this cytokine. However, this did not rescue the CD4 T cell–deficient mice from the infection (6). When CD4 T cells are depl ...
... Lack of CD4 T cells during initial infection results in delayed IFN-g and NOS2 production, but eventually levels comparable with WT are reached, because other cells can produce this cytokine. However, this did not rescue the CD4 T cell–deficient mice from the infection (6). When CD4 T cells are depl ...
Aalborg Universitet Aquaporin-9-expressing neutrophils are required for the establishment of contact hypersensitivity
... numbers of infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Fig. 2B) and neutrophils (Fig. 2C; Supplementary Fig. S1B) were observed in the skin of AQP9−/− mice after challenge compared to that of WT mice. Mast cell counts were comparable between WT and AQP9−/− mice (Fig. 2D). To investigate the potential signif ...
... numbers of infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Fig. 2B) and neutrophils (Fig. 2C; Supplementary Fig. S1B) were observed in the skin of AQP9−/− mice after challenge compared to that of WT mice. Mast cell counts were comparable between WT and AQP9−/− mice (Fig. 2D). To investigate the potential signif ...
GAD AS AN IMMUNOMODULATOR IN TYPE 1 DIABETES Stina Axelsson
... months, a subgroup analysis showed that the treatment had an effect on preservation of residual insulin secretion, but the effect was not seen until after 30 months. Taken together, these results suggest that GAD-alum treatment might exert its effect through induction of an early Th2 skewed immune r ...
... months, a subgroup analysis showed that the treatment had an effect on preservation of residual insulin secretion, but the effect was not seen until after 30 months. Taken together, these results suggest that GAD-alum treatment might exert its effect through induction of an early Th2 skewed immune r ...
Ly6Chi Monocytes in the Inflamed Colon Give Rise
... shape the gut-associated immune system, e.g., the prevalence of distinct helper and regulatory T cell populations (Atarashi et al., 2011; Ivanov et al., 2009). Importantly, the organism has to remain sensitive to deviations from this ‘‘primed homeostasis’’ and rapidly respond to invading entero-path ...
... shape the gut-associated immune system, e.g., the prevalence of distinct helper and regulatory T cell populations (Atarashi et al., 2011; Ivanov et al., 2009). Importantly, the organism has to remain sensitive to deviations from this ‘‘primed homeostasis’’ and rapidly respond to invading entero-path ...
How Mycobacterium tuberculosis Manipulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity: New Views of
... inhibit phagosomal maturation is well established, the mechanism by which it causes this effect has not been addressed by many groups. To date, there is no mycobacterial strain, which is specifically deficient in the production of ManLAM, making mechanistic studies difficult. A frequently used model ...
... inhibit phagosomal maturation is well established, the mechanism by which it causes this effect has not been addressed by many groups. To date, there is no mycobacterial strain, which is specifically deficient in the production of ManLAM, making mechanistic studies difficult. A frequently used model ...
Title Natural killer cells become tolerogenic after
... and lysis of activated/autoreactive T cells. Apoptotic cells (ACs) have been shown to induce tolerogenic properties of innate immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, but not NK cells. In this study, we demonstrated that after interaction with ACs, NK cells released TGF-β1, which in ...
... and lysis of activated/autoreactive T cells. Apoptotic cells (ACs) have been shown to induce tolerogenic properties of innate immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, but not NK cells. In this study, we demonstrated that after interaction with ACs, NK cells released TGF-β1, which in ...
Autoimmune Diseases - The Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of
... identifies and reacts to antigens from various foreign substances found in an organism’s body and reacts to these possible pathological threats by producing certain types of lymphocytes such as white blood cells and antibodies that have the ability to destroy or neutralize various germs, poisons and ...
... identifies and reacts to antigens from various foreign substances found in an organism’s body and reacts to these possible pathological threats by producing certain types of lymphocytes such as white blood cells and antibodies that have the ability to destroy or neutralize various germs, poisons and ...
Lymphocyte Populations Within the Lamina Propria
... In animals, where it is possible to experimentally control the gut flora, remarkable progress has been made on the texture of cytokine responses and their regulation by specific members of the microbiota (Figure 7.2). Germ-free mice monocolonized with the human gut bacterium, Bacteroides fragilis, s ...
... In animals, where it is possible to experimentally control the gut flora, remarkable progress has been made on the texture of cytokine responses and their regulation by specific members of the microbiota (Figure 7.2). Germ-free mice monocolonized with the human gut bacterium, Bacteroides fragilis, s ...
Pathogenic biofilm - Holistic Family Dentistry Steven N. Green, DDS
... Advances in molecular biology have provided astonishing insights into microbiological pleomorphic variety, considerably improving our knowledge of the ever-changing morphological, physiological and ecological features of our life partners, who mostly exist as colonial bacterial species in interactiv ...
... Advances in molecular biology have provided astonishing insights into microbiological pleomorphic variety, considerably improving our knowledge of the ever-changing morphological, physiological and ecological features of our life partners, who mostly exist as colonial bacterial species in interactiv ...
Cytokine function of heat shock proteins - AJP
... The reported HSP cytokine effects are similar to those of LPS and bacterial lipoprotein. Because the recombinant bacterial and human HSPs are produced by Escherichia coli expressing HSP cDNAs, the final preparations may be contaminated with bacterial products. Likewise, HSP preparations isolated fro ...
... The reported HSP cytokine effects are similar to those of LPS and bacterial lipoprotein. Because the recombinant bacterial and human HSPs are produced by Escherichia coli expressing HSP cDNAs, the final preparations may be contaminated with bacterial products. Likewise, HSP preparations isolated fro ...
Bacterial short chain fatty acid metabolites modulate the
... Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) impair the killing of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in vivo. The exudate collected after 4 (a) or 24 hr (b) of A. actinomycetemcomitans inoculation in the chamber was diluted and plated in brain heart infusion chocolate agar. Bacterial colonies were counted, a ...
... Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) impair the killing of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in vivo. The exudate collected after 4 (a) or 24 hr (b) of A. actinomycetemcomitans inoculation in the chamber was diluted and plated in brain heart infusion chocolate agar. Bacterial colonies were counted, a ...
Downloaded - The Journal of Immunology
... (Multiscreen HA filtration; Millipore) were coated overnight with four immune prevalent recombinant B. burgdorferi proteins all generated based on the N40 sequence, 1 mg/ml DbpA and 2 mg/ml each for outer surface protein C (OspC), arthritis related protein (Arp), and Borrelia membrane protein A (Bmp ...
... (Multiscreen HA filtration; Millipore) were coated overnight with four immune prevalent recombinant B. burgdorferi proteins all generated based on the N40 sequence, 1 mg/ml DbpA and 2 mg/ml each for outer surface protein C (OspC), arthritis related protein (Arp), and Borrelia membrane protein A (Bmp ...
The dynamics of T cells during persistent Staphylococcus aureus
... Adaptive immune response is required for an efficient containment of S. aureus during a persistent infection We (von Köckritz-Blickwede et al, 2008) and others (Mölne et al, 2000; Verdrengh & Tarkowski, 1997) have shown that neutrophil recruitment is critical for effective control of bacterial gro ...
... Adaptive immune response is required for an efficient containment of S. aureus during a persistent infection We (von Köckritz-Blickwede et al, 2008) and others (Mölne et al, 2000; Verdrengh & Tarkowski, 1997) have shown that neutrophil recruitment is critical for effective control of bacterial gro ...
immunology core notes
... relatively non-specific; it distinguishes little, for example, between the bacterial organisms Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, or between the viral agents causing polio and smallpox. A next level of defense is manifested by a variety of cells and serum molecules which may promote ingestion and kil ...
... relatively non-specific; it distinguishes little, for example, between the bacterial organisms Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, or between the viral agents causing polio and smallpox. A next level of defense is manifested by a variety of cells and serum molecules which may promote ingestion and kil ...
Sperm-based contraceptive vaccine for wild rabbit
... The immune responses by individual females to vaccine correlated in general with fertility outcome particularly in relation to local IgA responses in the female genital tract although there were some exceptions. These results suggested that antibodies generated in the cervix and uterus against sperm ...
... The immune responses by individual females to vaccine correlated in general with fertility outcome particularly in relation to local IgA responses in the female genital tract although there were some exceptions. These results suggested that antibodies generated in the cervix and uterus against sperm ...
Ability of basophils to induce naive CD4 + T cells to develop into
... Same amount of MHCII expression on Basophils of naive and infected mice= MHCII expression is no limiting factor for TH2 induction ...
... Same amount of MHCII expression on Basophils of naive and infected mice= MHCII expression is no limiting factor for TH2 induction ...
Intranasal immunization of mice with Echinococcus
... a liposome (Morein & Simons 1985), or an immuno stimulating complex (iscom) (Morein et al. 1984). An inadequate immune response is not only irrelevant but may even favor the invading organism (Heinzel, Sadick, Mutha et al. 1991), thus induction of a proper response is a relevant research goal. A sim ...
... a liposome (Morein & Simons 1985), or an immuno stimulating complex (iscom) (Morein et al. 1984). An inadequate immune response is not only irrelevant but may even favor the invading organism (Heinzel, Sadick, Mutha et al. 1991), thus induction of a proper response is a relevant research goal. A sim ...
this PDF file - Smart Science Technology
... toxic or allergic particles that cross the protective barriers of our respiratory tract. Similarly, peritoneal macrophages present in the peritoneum and Kupffer cells of the liver act to confront infectious agents encountered effectively. Although a major portion of the tissue macrophages is derived ...
... toxic or allergic particles that cross the protective barriers of our respiratory tract. Similarly, peritoneal macrophages present in the peritoneum and Kupffer cells of the liver act to confront infectious agents encountered effectively. Although a major portion of the tissue macrophages is derived ...
Focus Article
... or wounding, generates a complex stress response that extends beyond the nervous system and contributes to the experience of pain. Through a common chemical language comprising neurotransmitters, peptides, endocannabinoids, cytokines, and hormones, an ensemble of interdependent nervous, endocrine, a ...
... or wounding, generates a complex stress response that extends beyond the nervous system and contributes to the experience of pain. Through a common chemical language comprising neurotransmitters, peptides, endocannabinoids, cytokines, and hormones, an ensemble of interdependent nervous, endocrine, a ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.