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Neutrophils in tuberculosis: heterogeneity shapes the way?
... the same time the most abundant leukocytes in the blood. Following infection, neutrophils arrive first at the inflammatory/infectious site [15]. The process is multistep and requires interactions between multiple neutrophil receptors (such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), Toll-like receptors, nu ...
... the same time the most abundant leukocytes in the blood. Following infection, neutrophils arrive first at the inflammatory/infectious site [15]. The process is multistep and requires interactions between multiple neutrophil receptors (such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), Toll-like receptors, nu ...
The inverted CD4/CD8 ratio and associated parameters in 66-year-old individuals: the
... was initially identified using a cluster analysis approach in octogenarian individuals participating in the Swedish OCTO Immune study (Ferguson et al. 1995). Subsequent studies of very old individuals participating in the Swedish OCTO and NONA immune studies indicated that this IRP could be defined ...
... was initially identified using a cluster analysis approach in octogenarian individuals participating in the Swedish OCTO Immune study (Ferguson et al. 1995). Subsequent studies of very old individuals participating in the Swedish OCTO and NONA immune studies indicated that this IRP could be defined ...
and B-‐cell Responses against Human Cytomegalovirus after
... CMV-disease in univariate analysis but not when different factors were included in a multivariate analysis where only acute GVHD grades II-IV and the use of a CMVnegative donor to a CMV-positive recipient were significant risk factors. In patients, who required more than one course of preemptive the ...
... CMV-disease in univariate analysis but not when different factors were included in a multivariate analysis where only acute GVHD grades II-IV and the use of a CMVnegative donor to a CMV-positive recipient were significant risk factors. In patients, who required more than one course of preemptive the ...
HIV-specific antibody- dependent cellular cytotoxicity
... target cells and healthy donor PBMCs as effectors. Furthermore, they cannot easily elucidate the target of HIV-specific ADCC. The authors have developed a flow cytometric assay that measures activation of effector NK cells following engagement by ADCC antibodies [45] . ADCC activity is measured usin ...
... target cells and healthy donor PBMCs as effectors. Furthermore, they cannot easily elucidate the target of HIV-specific ADCC. The authors have developed a flow cytometric assay that measures activation of effector NK cells following engagement by ADCC antibodies [45] . ADCC activity is measured usin ...
Naturally produced opsonizing antibodies restrict the survival of
... Nonetheless, the mechanism by which Abs confer protection against intracellular infections largely remains obscure. Phagosome acidification through fusion with lysosomes is critical for killing of the bacilli within macrophages and its inhibition is a major survival mechanism employed by Mtb [13]. A ...
... Nonetheless, the mechanism by which Abs confer protection against intracellular infections largely remains obscure. Phagosome acidification through fusion with lysosomes is critical for killing of the bacilli within macrophages and its inhibition is a major survival mechanism employed by Mtb [13]. A ...
VacA`s Induction of VacA-Containing Vacuoles (VCVs) and Their
... It is known that in order to exert its many effects, VacA must be internalized via endocytosis. VacA–target binding has been associated with the larger p55 subunit, but it has also been shown that both the p33 and the p55 subunits are required for internalization [15]. Since the formation of vacuole ...
... It is known that in order to exert its many effects, VacA must be internalized via endocytosis. VacA–target binding has been associated with the larger p55 subunit, but it has also been shown that both the p33 and the p55 subunits are required for internalization [15]. Since the formation of vacuole ...
Insoluble and soluble immune complexes activate neutrophils by
... eutrophils have a crucial role in host protection against bacterial and fungal infections and thus possess a battery of cytotoxic enzymes and associated pathways to perform this important function.1–3 During phagocytosis, these cytotoxic processes are activated and delivered within intracellular pha ...
... eutrophils have a crucial role in host protection against bacterial and fungal infections and thus possess a battery of cytotoxic enzymes and associated pathways to perform this important function.1–3 During phagocytosis, these cytotoxic processes are activated and delivered within intracellular pha ...
tuberculosis Mycobacterium Early Infection with Dynamic Roles of
... immune responses to intracellular bacteria, including M. tuberculosis. The absolute requirement for IFN-g in the immune control of TB is well established in animal models (3) and humans (4). IFNg–dependent protection is commonly believed to act through increasing the mycobactericidal activity of mac ...
... immune responses to intracellular bacteria, including M. tuberculosis. The absolute requirement for IFN-g in the immune control of TB is well established in animal models (3) and humans (4). IFNg–dependent protection is commonly believed to act through increasing the mycobactericidal activity of mac ...
8139
... system and have been found to be effective for preventing and treating infectious diseases, allergies, and cancers. Structurally distinct classes of synthetic ODN expressing CpG motifs differentially activate human immune cells. K-type ODN (K-ODN), which have progressed into human clinical trials as ...
... system and have been found to be effective for preventing and treating infectious diseases, allergies, and cancers. Structurally distinct classes of synthetic ODN expressing CpG motifs differentially activate human immune cells. K-type ODN (K-ODN), which have progressed into human clinical trials as ...
Glycosylation and Fc Receptors
... be membrane bound in the form of surface immunoglobulins or soluble. Surface immunoglobulins form part of the B-cell receptor (BCR) and are composed of membrane bound immunoglobulin D (IgD) or immunoglobulin M (IgM). This allows the antibody producing B-cell to detect specific antigens resulting in ...
... be membrane bound in the form of surface immunoglobulins or soluble. Surface immunoglobulins form part of the B-cell receptor (BCR) and are composed of membrane bound immunoglobulin D (IgD) or immunoglobulin M (IgM). This allows the antibody producing B-cell to detect specific antigens resulting in ...
Homeostasis and function of T cells in healthy - UvA-DARE
... Detection of polyfunctional T cells Cytokine release after peptide or PMA/Ionomycin stimulation was performed as described by Lamoreaux et al 38, PBMCs and LNMCs were thawed and rested overnight in suspension flasks (Greiner) in RPMI supplemented with 10% FCS, penicilline and streptomycine (culture ...
... Detection of polyfunctional T cells Cytokine release after peptide or PMA/Ionomycin stimulation was performed as described by Lamoreaux et al 38, PBMCs and LNMCs were thawed and rested overnight in suspension flasks (Greiner) in RPMI supplemented with 10% FCS, penicilline and streptomycine (culture ...
meriones shawi - ISI International Scientific Indexing
... the environment. Accordingly, there is ample evidence indicating a bidirectional relationship between the neuroendocrine and immune systems, in which the immune system acts on the neuroendocrine system through its cytokines, and the neuroendocrine system, in return modulates the immune system throug ...
... the environment. Accordingly, there is ample evidence indicating a bidirectional relationship between the neuroendocrine and immune systems, in which the immune system acts on the neuroendocrine system through its cytokines, and the neuroendocrine system, in return modulates the immune system throug ...
Fundamentals of Immunology
... 3. The first decision or branch point, is whether the cell will go myeloid or lymphoid: a. CMP- If it turns into a common myeloid-erythroid progenitor, it may develop into a huge number of types including different types of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelet-producing megakaryocytes. b ...
... 3. The first decision or branch point, is whether the cell will go myeloid or lymphoid: a. CMP- If it turns into a common myeloid-erythroid progenitor, it may develop into a huge number of types including different types of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelet-producing megakaryocytes. b ...
What Do We Know about How Hantaviruses Interact with Their
... for humans have been described, with new viruses regularly found all over the world. They cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World (Europe and Asia) while hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is more specifically associated with human diseases in the New World (Ameri ...
... for humans have been described, with new viruses regularly found all over the world. They cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World (Europe and Asia) while hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is more specifically associated with human diseases in the New World (Ameri ...
Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
... – Group of proteins normally present in blood in inactive state – Complement cascade • Important mechanism of action for antibodies – Complement-binding sites on antibody are exposed after attaching to antigen – Complement triggers a series (cascade) of reactions that produce tiny protein rings that ...
... – Group of proteins normally present in blood in inactive state – Complement cascade • Important mechanism of action for antibodies – Complement-binding sites on antibody are exposed after attaching to antigen – Complement triggers a series (cascade) of reactions that produce tiny protein rings that ...
The immunological functions of the vitamin D endocrine system
... hormone in mineral ion homeostasis and bone biology, locally produced 1α,25-(OH)2D3 might perform regulatory functions in immune system cells. The enzymes that catalyze 1α,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis and degradation in kidney cells and sarcoid macrophages are identical, but these cells differ significantly ...
... hormone in mineral ion homeostasis and bone biology, locally produced 1α,25-(OH)2D3 might perform regulatory functions in immune system cells. The enzymes that catalyze 1α,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis and degradation in kidney cells and sarcoid macrophages are identical, but these cells differ significantly ...
The role of inflammation in cutaneous repair
... numbers in the wound can dictate the level of scar formation, with reduced numbers being linked to less fibrosis. In foetal wounds, when monocytes have yet to develop, wounds heal scar-free1,26,27. This improved healing process perseveres until the monocyte lineage develops (3rd trimester)28. Althou ...
... numbers in the wound can dictate the level of scar formation, with reduced numbers being linked to less fibrosis. In foetal wounds, when monocytes have yet to develop, wounds heal scar-free1,26,27. This improved healing process perseveres until the monocyte lineage develops (3rd trimester)28. Althou ...
B cell fate following immunization: from memory B cells to plasma cells
... demonstrated that the addition of the TLR-9 agonist had no measurable impact on the kinetics or durability of the B cell response, nor on the peripheral T cell response, the plasma neutralizing antibody activity or the control of viremia after challenge. In Paper II, we evaluated antibody responses ...
... demonstrated that the addition of the TLR-9 agonist had no measurable impact on the kinetics or durability of the B cell response, nor on the peripheral T cell response, the plasma neutralizing antibody activity or the control of viremia after challenge. In Paper II, we evaluated antibody responses ...
Local immune regulation in human pregnancy Charlotte Gustafsson
... large numbers of leukocytes, mainly natural killer (NK) cells but also macrophages and T lymphocytes. Further, various cytokines are known to be secreted at the fetomaternal interface. However, the functions of these cells and the cytokine networks are not fully understood. The aim of this thesis wa ...
... large numbers of leukocytes, mainly natural killer (NK) cells but also macrophages and T lymphocytes. Further, various cytokines are known to be secreted at the fetomaternal interface. However, the functions of these cells and the cytokine networks are not fully understood. The aim of this thesis wa ...
Psoriasis and Stress–Psoriasis Aspect of Psychoneuroendocrinology
... pathological factors including: growth conditions, onset of labor during pregnancy or exposure to ultraviolet irradiation (Michal et al., 2010). Of note, locally produced CRH can directly regulate steroid hormone production by adrenals and gonads. Furthermore, CRH in the immune cells can induce prod ...
... pathological factors including: growth conditions, onset of labor during pregnancy or exposure to ultraviolet irradiation (Michal et al., 2010). Of note, locally produced CRH can directly regulate steroid hormone production by adrenals and gonads. Furthermore, CRH in the immune cells can induce prod ...
The role of peanut-specific T cell
... identifying the effects of different diets upon the peanut-specific T cells that underlie the states of allergy or tolerance to foods and by correlating the immunological data with the clinical outcome of the respective diets (prevention of peanut allergy or other effects), we could provide addition ...
... identifying the effects of different diets upon the peanut-specific T cells that underlie the states of allergy or tolerance to foods and by correlating the immunological data with the clinical outcome of the respective diets (prevention of peanut allergy or other effects), we could provide addition ...
The effect of induced hyperthermia on the
... HSP synthesis, in general, increases with elevated temperatures. However, above a distinct threshold temperature (typically above 421C), an inhibition of HSP synthesis occurs, resulting in exponential cell death. Under physiological conditions, HSPs protect cells from potentially lethal heat damage, ...
... HSP synthesis, in general, increases with elevated temperatures. However, above a distinct threshold temperature (typically above 421C), an inhibition of HSP synthesis occurs, resulting in exponential cell death. Under physiological conditions, HSPs protect cells from potentially lethal heat damage, ...
Immune system
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpg?width=300)
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.