Mast cells promote lung vascular remodelling in pulmonary hypertension
... ABSTRACT: Left heart disease (LHD) frequently causes lung vascular remodelling and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Yet pharmacological treatment for PH in LHD is lacking and its pathophysiological basis remains obscure. We aimed to identify candidate mechanisms of PH in LHD and to test their relevance ...
... ABSTRACT: Left heart disease (LHD) frequently causes lung vascular remodelling and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Yet pharmacological treatment for PH in LHD is lacking and its pathophysiological basis remains obscure. We aimed to identify candidate mechanisms of PH in LHD and to test their relevance ...
Induction of Th2 type immunity in a mouse system
... The cytokine environment plays a key role in determining processes of naive CD4 T-cell differentiation.1 IL-12, primarily produced by activated antigen-presenting cells, promotes development of Th1 type effector CD4 T cells. On the other hand, IL-4 is important for Th2 differentiation of naive CD4 T ...
... The cytokine environment plays a key role in determining processes of naive CD4 T-cell differentiation.1 IL-12, primarily produced by activated antigen-presenting cells, promotes development of Th1 type effector CD4 T cells. On the other hand, IL-4 is important for Th2 differentiation of naive CD4 T ...
Chapter 1 - Baboola Sumo
... could be improved by restriction to their intended targets—although this does not mean that all of them would be returned to service. Drug synthesis, prodrug activation, and scavenging. Xenobiorgs, stationed in situ near a target tissue, might deliver drugs to that tissue in two ways. First, they mi ...
... could be improved by restriction to their intended targets—although this does not mean that all of them would be returned to service. Drug synthesis, prodrug activation, and scavenging. Xenobiorgs, stationed in situ near a target tissue, might deliver drugs to that tissue in two ways. First, they mi ...
Full Text PDF
... Interleukin-4 IL-4 affects the immune system in many ways. It can directly inhibit the Th1 cell response in a similar way to IL-10, IL-11 or antibodies against TNF. Unlike the mentioned factors which have suppressive properties, IL-4 can directly differentiate Th cells. It is responsible for transfo ...
... Interleukin-4 IL-4 affects the immune system in many ways. It can directly inhibit the Th1 cell response in a similar way to IL-10, IL-11 or antibodies against TNF. Unlike the mentioned factors which have suppressive properties, IL-4 can directly differentiate Th cells. It is responsible for transfo ...
EIR 14
... receptor complex, which provides this characteristics. subset an advantage of responding to very low concentrations of IL-2 (7). IL-2-induced activation of CD56bright cells results in the production of relatively large amounts of IFN-γ, which can shape the Th1 immune response (28). Once activated, C ...
... receptor complex, which provides this characteristics. subset an advantage of responding to very low concentrations of IL-2 (7). IL-2-induced activation of CD56bright cells results in the production of relatively large amounts of IFN-γ, which can shape the Th1 immune response (28). Once activated, C ...
HIV ERADICATION:
... then go into a resting state, and possibly into cells that are already dormant. A reservoir of these latently infected T-cells is established during the earliest stage of HIV disease. As long as the host cell remains at rest, proviral DNA stays silent; in Siliciano’s words, this integrated genetic m ...
... then go into a resting state, and possibly into cells that are already dormant. A reservoir of these latently infected T-cells is established during the earliest stage of HIV disease. As long as the host cell remains at rest, proviral DNA stays silent; in Siliciano’s words, this integrated genetic m ...
Back to Basics: Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Functions
... of neurons in the spinal cord. However, to simplify the study of these neurons and to understand their physiological importance, four main classification methods have been utilized. These methods depend on the [1] morphology (different shapes) of enteric neurons, [2] the types of neurotransmitters o ...
... of neurons in the spinal cord. However, to simplify the study of these neurons and to understand their physiological importance, four main classification methods have been utilized. These methods depend on the [1] morphology (different shapes) of enteric neurons, [2] the types of neurotransmitters o ...
Document
... which protein fragments of molecules synthesized by the cell are delivered to and bound by the MHCI molecule during its biosynthesis. • In contrast, the MHC-II antigen presentation pathway is best more clearly visualized as an outside-in one in which ingested proteins are degraded by enzymes in the ...
... which protein fragments of molecules synthesized by the cell are delivered to and bound by the MHCI molecule during its biosynthesis. • In contrast, the MHC-II antigen presentation pathway is best more clearly visualized as an outside-in one in which ingested proteins are degraded by enzymes in the ...
Leukocyte IGF-1 Receptor Expression during Muscle Recovery
... Recently, a regulatory role of IGF-1 in the immune response for muscle repair has been suggested, but how it modulates the inflammatory process is largely unknown. We evaluated changes in leukocyte expression of IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1R) during recovery from resistance exercise to determine whether c ...
... Recently, a regulatory role of IGF-1 in the immune response for muscle repair has been suggested, but how it modulates the inflammatory process is largely unknown. We evaluated changes in leukocyte expression of IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1R) during recovery from resistance exercise to determine whether c ...
Thesis - KI Open Archive
... KIR via bidirectional promoters (32). This multifaceted system endows humans with complex and unique KIR repertoires, comprising NK cells expressing 0, 1, 2 or more KIRs. Expression of KIRs has been determined to largely follow the product rule (%KIR-A+KIR-B+ = %KIR-A+ x %KIR-B+) (33). At steady sta ...
... KIR via bidirectional promoters (32). This multifaceted system endows humans with complex and unique KIR repertoires, comprising NK cells expressing 0, 1, 2 or more KIRs. Expression of KIRs has been determined to largely follow the product rule (%KIR-A+KIR-B+ = %KIR-A+ x %KIR-B+) (33). At steady sta ...
Full Text - Statistics
... Robeiro Sobrinho etal (2002) stated that in a mixed infection, microorganisms such as Bifido bacterium adolescentis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostidium butyricum reduce the cytokines of T helper 1 cells while microorganisms such as Gemella morbillourm strengthen the production of T helper 1 Cyto ...
... Robeiro Sobrinho etal (2002) stated that in a mixed infection, microorganisms such as Bifido bacterium adolescentis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostidium butyricum reduce the cytokines of T helper 1 cells while microorganisms such as Gemella morbillourm strengthen the production of T helper 1 Cyto ...
Defense Mechanisms against Influenza Virus Infection in the
... of defense against virus infection. Viruses are initially detected and destroyed non-specifically by innate immune mechanisms, but if the viruses escape the early defense mechanisms, they are detected and eliminated specifically by adaptive immune mechanisms. The major adaptive immune mechanisms are ...
... of defense against virus infection. Viruses are initially detected and destroyed non-specifically by innate immune mechanisms, but if the viruses escape the early defense mechanisms, they are detected and eliminated specifically by adaptive immune mechanisms. The major adaptive immune mechanisms are ...
Moderate alcohol consumption and the immune system: A review
... between moderate alcohol intake and cardiovascular risk morbidity and mortality. Regarding the immune system, researchers have long discussed how alcoholic beverages can affect host defence. Alcohol can directly suppress various immune responses, and clinical studies have found alcohol abuse to be a ...
... between moderate alcohol intake and cardiovascular risk morbidity and mortality. Regarding the immune system, researchers have long discussed how alcoholic beverages can affect host defence. Alcohol can directly suppress various immune responses, and clinical studies have found alcohol abuse to be a ...
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Protein
... corresponding to the extracellular ligand-binding domain (2, 16). Furthermore, the \-erbB protein has undergone a C-terminal modification in which 32 amino acids of the EGF recep tor protein are replaced by 4 amino acids encoded by the retroviral genome and as such lacks the major autophospho rylati ...
... corresponding to the extracellular ligand-binding domain (2, 16). Furthermore, the \-erbB protein has undergone a C-terminal modification in which 32 amino acids of the EGF recep tor protein are replaced by 4 amino acids encoded by the retroviral genome and as such lacks the major autophospho rylati ...
MORINDA CITRIFOLIA Research Article SMITA NAYAK*, MEENA CHINTAMANENI**, SUSHMA MENGI***
... cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-2 which have been used to stimulate host resistance against infections have met with limited success5. Antibiotics, once considered a boon are no longer in contention as therapeutic modalities for treating infections of bacterial origin. The major reason ...
... cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-2 which have been used to stimulate host resistance against infections have met with limited success5. Antibiotics, once considered a boon are no longer in contention as therapeutic modalities for treating infections of bacterial origin. The major reason ...
English - SciELO Costa Rica
... and lymphatic vessels (except for Rickettsia akari, the agent of rickettsialpox, which specially targets monocytes and macrophages).7 The transmission of rickettsia by hematophagous arthropod vectors was established early in the 20th century. In 1906 WW King8 and HT Ricketts9 described their experim ...
... and lymphatic vessels (except for Rickettsia akari, the agent of rickettsialpox, which specially targets monocytes and macrophages).7 The transmission of rickettsia by hematophagous arthropod vectors was established early in the 20th century. In 1906 WW King8 and HT Ricketts9 described their experim ...
Doctoral thesis from the Department of Immunology,
... interaction; from persistence, to the immunological processes induced by the pathogen, to susceptibility of the host to infection may help in the rational design of more effective drugs and vaccines, as well as the development of better diagnostic techniques. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key senso ...
... interaction; from persistence, to the immunological processes induced by the pathogen, to susceptibility of the host to infection may help in the rational design of more effective drugs and vaccines, as well as the development of better diagnostic techniques. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key senso ...
Infect Immun. 2011 Feb;79(2):688-94. Epub 2010 Nov 22.
... Type I interferons (IFNs) are central regulators of the innate and adaptive immune responses to viral and bacterial infections. Type I IFNs are induced upon cytosolic detection of microbial nucleic acids, including DNA, RNA, and the bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). In addition, a ...
... Type I interferons (IFNs) are central regulators of the innate and adaptive immune responses to viral and bacterial infections. Type I IFNs are induced upon cytosolic detection of microbial nucleic acids, including DNA, RNA, and the bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). In addition, a ...
nuclear hormone receptors enable macrophages and dendritic cells
... As a result of their studies on mannose receptor, Gordon and colleagues (484) discovered another class of activated macrophages, which they termed alternatively activated macrophages (or M2 on FIGURE 4C). Alternative macrophages, in contrast to the classically activated cells, express high levels of ...
... As a result of their studies on mannose receptor, Gordon and colleagues (484) discovered another class of activated macrophages, which they termed alternatively activated macrophages (or M2 on FIGURE 4C). Alternative macrophages, in contrast to the classically activated cells, express high levels of ...
Emerging Roles of IL-33/ST2 Axis in Renal Diseases
... cells and tissues following infection or tissue injury, and therefore has the potential to influence a broad range of diseases [24]. 1.2. Distribution of IL-33 and ST2 in the Kidney The distribution and regulation of IL-33 in different tissues and specific cell types have been comprehensively review ...
... cells and tissues following infection or tissue injury, and therefore has the potential to influence a broad range of diseases [24]. 1.2. Distribution of IL-33 and ST2 in the Kidney The distribution and regulation of IL-33 in different tissues and specific cell types have been comprehensively review ...
How do red blood cells know when to die?
... high PS and low CD47 expression are comparable to apoptotic host cells, while those expressing very low levels of CD47 can be likened to foreign cells. Bearing these analogies in mind, we hypothesize the existence of two alternative pathways of RBC phagocytosis that entail different macrophage react ...
... high PS and low CD47 expression are comparable to apoptotic host cells, while those expressing very low levels of CD47 can be likened to foreign cells. Bearing these analogies in mind, we hypothesize the existence of two alternative pathways of RBC phagocytosis that entail different macrophage react ...
Nature Medicine 10, 1307
... The iconography of journals, meeting posters and books for the last few decades of the twentieth century makes apparent the preeminence of antigen-related recognition in immunological thinking. Beginning in the 1970s, the polypeptide chain organization of antibodies4, 5, 6 was a ubiquitous image. I ...
... The iconography of journals, meeting posters and books for the last few decades of the twentieth century makes apparent the preeminence of antigen-related recognition in immunological thinking. Beginning in the 1970s, the polypeptide chain organization of antibodies4, 5, 6 was a ubiquitous image. I ...
Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.