TOLERANCE
... by the tissue microenvironment Immuno-suppressive mediators are secreted by the foetus and placenta (eg TGF-b) and prevent “rejection” Can we manipulate the immune system to avoid rejection of liver or kidney grafts? ...
... by the tissue microenvironment Immuno-suppressive mediators are secreted by the foetus and placenta (eg TGF-b) and prevent “rejection” Can we manipulate the immune system to avoid rejection of liver or kidney grafts? ...
Active Immunity
... • Are large cells that attack antigens in your body • They engulf antigens and destroy them • Use lysosomes to destroy the antigens ...
... • Are large cells that attack antigens in your body • They engulf antigens and destroy them • Use lysosomes to destroy the antigens ...
The Immune System - Mr. Harwood's Classroom
... All cells are the same, but function differently because they are located in different places ...
... All cells are the same, but function differently because they are located in different places ...
Reading Guide for Week 9_10
... 2. Know the general structure of antibodies, the Fc region, and the variable region. How do they bind antigen? What are the protective outcomes of antibody-antigen binding? Where would you find IgG and IgA? How do IgG and IgA provide protection? 3. Know which cells make antibodies and how they are a ...
... 2. Know the general structure of antibodies, the Fc region, and the variable region. How do they bind antigen? What are the protective outcomes of antibody-antigen binding? Where would you find IgG and IgA? How do IgG and IgA provide protection? 3. Know which cells make antibodies and how they are a ...
Transplants
... Use the patient's own tissue when possible (skin, bone marrow, blood vessels). Use tissue from an "identical" (monozygotic) twin in the very rare cases that one is available. Being genetically identical, the recipient sees the transplant as "self", not as foreign, and does not mount an attack ag ...
... Use the patient's own tissue when possible (skin, bone marrow, blood vessels). Use tissue from an "identical" (monozygotic) twin in the very rare cases that one is available. Being genetically identical, the recipient sees the transplant as "self", not as foreign, and does not mount an attack ag ...
Chapter 17: IR to Infectious Disease
... • Bacterial infections are controlled by different IR’s (just as in viral infections) • The type of IR centers on: • Amount of inoculum • Degree of virulence • Extra- vs intra-cellular infection ...
... • Bacterial infections are controlled by different IR’s (just as in viral infections) • The type of IR centers on: • Amount of inoculum • Degree of virulence • Extra- vs intra-cellular infection ...
11.2 Body`s Lines of Defense
... viruses from entering your body. Includes your skin, cilia and mucus, stomach acids, and secretions like tears, saliva and sweat. ...
... viruses from entering your body. Includes your skin, cilia and mucus, stomach acids, and secretions like tears, saliva and sweat. ...
Freeman 1e: How we got there
... the thymus. The T cells that do not bind MHC proteins are programmed to die, a process called apoptosis. • T cells that survive positive and negative selection leave the thymus and can participate in an effective immune response. ...
... the thymus. The T cells that do not bind MHC proteins are programmed to die, a process called apoptosis. • T cells that survive positive and negative selection leave the thymus and can participate in an effective immune response. ...
Immune System - WordPress.com
... dead skin cells that surrounds the body. Tears and saliva-contain enzymes that destroy or disable many pathogens. Mucous membranes-Is a sticky substance that traps pathogens. It carries the trapped pathogens to other areas of the body for disposal. (mouth, nose, bronchial tubes) Cilia-hair-lik ...
... dead skin cells that surrounds the body. Tears and saliva-contain enzymes that destroy or disable many pathogens. Mucous membranes-Is a sticky substance that traps pathogens. It carries the trapped pathogens to other areas of the body for disposal. (mouth, nose, bronchial tubes) Cilia-hair-lik ...
Kuby Immunology 6/e
... ○ Early genes (1-2 hours from recognition) IL-2, IL2R, IL-6, IFN-γ ○ Late genes (more than 2 days later) Encode adhesion molecules ...
... ○ Early genes (1-2 hours from recognition) IL-2, IL2R, IL-6, IFN-γ ○ Late genes (more than 2 days later) Encode adhesion molecules ...
Lymphatic System
... particular T cell programmed to react with the antigen becomes activated – Macrophages phagocytize the antigen – Macrophages present it to the T cell ...
... particular T cell programmed to react with the antigen becomes activated – Macrophages phagocytize the antigen – Macrophages present it to the T cell ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... 11. _______ is added in the HAT medium to block dihydrofolate reductase. 12. Immunoproteasomes generate peptides that can bind with MHC class _____ molecules. 13. ________ graft rejection occurs months or years after transplantation. 14. ________ bind to antibodies but do not induce an immune respon ...
... 11. _______ is added in the HAT medium to block dihydrofolate reductase. 12. Immunoproteasomes generate peptides that can bind with MHC class _____ molecules. 13. ________ graft rejection occurs months or years after transplantation. 14. ________ bind to antibodies but do not induce an immune respon ...
GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE
... Activation can induce expression. Cell adhesion, migration, antigen specificity, antigen presentation, costimulation, helper function, effector function. Cell surface molecules influenced by activation include cytokine receptors. ...
... Activation can induce expression. Cell adhesion, migration, antigen specificity, antigen presentation, costimulation, helper function, effector function. Cell surface molecules influenced by activation include cytokine receptors. ...
Immune System
... a. Secreted by virus-infected cells b. Stimulates non-infected cells to make proteins that block viral protein synthesis c. Slows infection to allow specific defenses to ...
... a. Secreted by virus-infected cells b. Stimulates non-infected cells to make proteins that block viral protein synthesis c. Slows infection to allow specific defenses to ...
File - LFHS AP Biology
... 3. Explain why only a few cell types have MHC II complexes on their cell surfaces: Only certain cells are Antigen-Presenting Cells that can bind to helper-T cells. 4. Explain what the term “clonal selection” refers to: The way only specific B and T-cells that recognize a particular antigen are stimu ...
... 3. Explain why only a few cell types have MHC II complexes on their cell surfaces: Only certain cells are Antigen-Presenting Cells that can bind to helper-T cells. 4. Explain what the term “clonal selection” refers to: The way only specific B and T-cells that recognize a particular antigen are stimu ...
The clonal selection hypothesis is a widely accepted
... Four predictions of the clonal selection hypothesis Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity (by V(D)J recombination). Receptor occupation is required for cell activation. The differentiated effector cells derived from an activated lymphocyte will bear receptors of ...
... Four predictions of the clonal selection hypothesis Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity (by V(D)J recombination). Receptor occupation is required for cell activation. The differentiated effector cells derived from an activated lymphocyte will bear receptors of ...
Open questions: a few that need answers in immunology Open Access
... Nuclear receptors and their crosstalk with the immune system Several reports have linked nuclear receptors such as LXR, RAR, RXR, VDR, and AhR to immune system functions, although the underlying mechanisms remain undefined in most cases. These receptors provide tantalizing links between metabolic pa ...
... Nuclear receptors and their crosstalk with the immune system Several reports have linked nuclear receptors such as LXR, RAR, RXR, VDR, and AhR to immune system functions, although the underlying mechanisms remain undefined in most cases. These receptors provide tantalizing links between metabolic pa ...
Functions of the Immune System
... Dendritic Cells • Specialized WBC’s that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections • When antigens are found, they grab, swallow, and internally break apart the captured antigen • After destruction of the antigen, the dendritic cell “displays” fragments of the antigen on tenti ...
... Dendritic Cells • Specialized WBC’s that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections • When antigens are found, they grab, swallow, and internally break apart the captured antigen • After destruction of the antigen, the dendritic cell “displays” fragments of the antigen on tenti ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.