CHAPTER OUTLINE
... possible. Defense by B cells is called antibody-mediated immunity. Antibody Structure Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins. They are typically Yshaped molecules with two antigen-binding sites. Types of Antibodies There are five major classes of antibodies in humans: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE ...
... possible. Defense by B cells is called antibody-mediated immunity. Antibody Structure Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins. They are typically Yshaped molecules with two antigen-binding sites. Types of Antibodies There are five major classes of antibodies in humans: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE ...
Name - Fairfield Public Schools
... Mammals use specific immune responses triggered by natural or artificial agents that disrupt dynamic homeostasis. o The mammalian immune system includes two types of specific responses: cell mediated and humoral. o In the cell-mediated response, cytotoxic T cells, a type of lymphocytic white blood c ...
... Mammals use specific immune responses triggered by natural or artificial agents that disrupt dynamic homeostasis. o The mammalian immune system includes two types of specific responses: cell mediated and humoral. o In the cell-mediated response, cytotoxic T cells, a type of lymphocytic white blood c ...
Ch21A - MDC Faculty Home Pages
... After maturing, still ____________________ (= un-exposed & un-programmed) B and T cells are exported to lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid organs, where if they meet ______________________________________, these cells become activated. T cells mature in the thymus under negative and positive se ...
... After maturing, still ____________________ (= un-exposed & un-programmed) B and T cells are exported to lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid organs, where if they meet ______________________________________, these cells become activated. T cells mature in the thymus under negative and positive se ...
autoimmunity
... islets cells of the pancreas are attacked and killed. The antigen recognized is not known, but there is a very large correlation with the expression of the DR3/4 HLA types. The culprit appears to be a variant of the linked DQ-beta gene lacking a charged aspartic acid at position 57. Diabetic autoimm ...
... islets cells of the pancreas are attacked and killed. The antigen recognized is not known, but there is a very large correlation with the expression of the DR3/4 HLA types. The culprit appears to be a variant of the linked DQ-beta gene lacking a charged aspartic acid at position 57. Diabetic autoimm ...
Sept2_Lecture3
... 1. Lymph glands: T-cells and B-cells migrate and occupy lymph glands. Macrophages and dendritic cells are present to trap antigens entering the glands (inducer cells) 2. Spleen: another filter of the blood and lymph 3. GALTs: gut associated lymphoid tissues are aggregates of cells found in various o ...
... 1. Lymph glands: T-cells and B-cells migrate and occupy lymph glands. Macrophages and dendritic cells are present to trap antigens entering the glands (inducer cells) 2. Spleen: another filter of the blood and lymph 3. GALTs: gut associated lymphoid tissues are aggregates of cells found in various o ...
Nonspecific host defence factors.med.10 ppt
... Interferons are host-cell–specific but not virus-specific. Gamma-interferon activates neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria. ...
... Interferons are host-cell–specific but not virus-specific. Gamma-interferon activates neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria. ...
Introduction_to_the_Human_Immune_System
... •Initial response to microbes (surveillance and detection of non-self) •Recognizes structures characteristic of microbial pathogens •Not on mammalian cells •Necessary for survival of microbe •Receptors are encoded in germline DNA •will also recognize stressed or injured tisssue ...
... •Initial response to microbes (surveillance and detection of non-self) •Recognizes structures characteristic of microbial pathogens •Not on mammalian cells •Necessary for survival of microbe •Receptors are encoded in germline DNA •will also recognize stressed or injured tisssue ...
Environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity
... Studies on monozygotic twins Epidemiological, migration studies ...
... Studies on monozygotic twins Epidemiological, migration studies ...
Lines of Defense - Trinity Christian School
... 1. Within an hour neutrophils are entering the area and beginning clean-up of damaged and dead cells and/or pathogens. 2. As the inflammatory response continues.. Monocytes follow the neutrophils into the area 3. Within 8-12 hours the monocytes develop into macrophages 4. Macrophages eventually ...
... 1. Within an hour neutrophils are entering the area and beginning clean-up of damaged and dead cells and/or pathogens. 2. As the inflammatory response continues.. Monocytes follow the neutrophils into the area 3. Within 8-12 hours the monocytes develop into macrophages 4. Macrophages eventually ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... II. State whether the following are true or false, if false, give reason ...
... II. State whether the following are true or false, if false, give reason ...
Immune Primer - Life Sciences Outreach Program
... 19. All lymphocytes arise from stem cells in bone marrow or _______________ _______________. ...
... 19. All lymphocytes arise from stem cells in bone marrow or _______________ _______________. ...
General Defence System - leavingcertbiology.net
... • Involves the supply of antibodies from an external source – e.g. breast milk supplies antibodies to infant and in serious lifethreatening disease antibodies can be injected into patient to fight disease such as rabies or tetanus • Does not involve production of memory cells and thus is only effect ...
... • Involves the supply of antibodies from an external source – e.g. breast milk supplies antibodies to infant and in serious lifethreatening disease antibodies can be injected into patient to fight disease such as rabies or tetanus • Does not involve production of memory cells and thus is only effect ...
PowerPoint Presentation - I. Introduction to class
... called B cells. B cells that are stimulated will actively secrete antibodies and are called plasma cells. Antibodies are found in extracellular fluids (blood plasma, lymph, mucus, etc.) and the surface of B cells. Defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses that circulate freely in ...
... called B cells. B cells that are stimulated will actively secrete antibodies and are called plasma cells. Antibodies are found in extracellular fluids (blood plasma, lymph, mucus, etc.) and the surface of B cells. Defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses that circulate freely in ...
1 - Homeschooling is Fun
... __________ 27. B and T cells are named after what they are trained to fight. __________ 28. Bacteria can become immune to antibiotics. __________ 29. The spleen is about the size of your liver. __________ 30. Antigens are special chemicals sent to injured to increase blood flow. __________ 31. A per ...
... __________ 27. B and T cells are named after what they are trained to fight. __________ 28. Bacteria can become immune to antibiotics. __________ 29. The spleen is about the size of your liver. __________ 30. Antigens are special chemicals sent to injured to increase blood flow. __________ 31. A per ...
Lymphatic and Immune Systems - Holding
... – Nonspecific responses – occur the same way to all pathogens Inflammation Fever ...
... – Nonspecific responses – occur the same way to all pathogens Inflammation Fever ...
BIOLOGY PRESENTATION
... found in human it’s called HLA-C (human leukocyte antigen) it’s the human MHC and HLA C is the less polymorphic of all the HLA just to keep the barrier as neutral as possible. Immunosuppresion is a way of suppressing the immune response to protect the fetus against rejection. Two scientists called M ...
... found in human it’s called HLA-C (human leukocyte antigen) it’s the human MHC and HLA C is the less polymorphic of all the HLA just to keep the barrier as neutral as possible. Immunosuppresion is a way of suppressing the immune response to protect the fetus against rejection. Two scientists called M ...
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM How Do We Keep Our Bodies Healthy?
... helps the immune system identify a foreign substance ...
... helps the immune system identify a foreign substance ...
Effector Mechanisms of Cell
... infections by such microbes. In CMI against phagocytosed microbes, the specificity of the response is due to T cells – but the actual effector function is mediated by the phagocytes. ...
... infections by such microbes. In CMI against phagocytosed microbes, the specificity of the response is due to T cells – but the actual effector function is mediated by the phagocytes. ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.