Non-specific defense mechanisms
... • 2nd defense (about 3 days) where as 1st response is usually 7-10 days. • Supressor T cells are thought to help turn off the immune response when antigens are ...
... • 2nd defense (about 3 days) where as 1st response is usually 7-10 days. • Supressor T cells are thought to help turn off the immune response when antigens are ...
Ch. 43 The Immune System notes
... > 1 million different B cell antigen receptors; 10 million different T cell antigens; each cell carries a specific set of these ...
... > 1 million different B cell antigen receptors; 10 million different T cell antigens; each cell carries a specific set of these ...
**** 1 - School of Life Sciences
... Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used clinical diagnostic tool because it is non-invasive, provides contrast among soft tissues at high spatial resolution. Conventional MRI focuses almost exclusively on visualizing anatomy and has no specificity for any particular cell type. The 'probe' ...
... Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used clinical diagnostic tool because it is non-invasive, provides contrast among soft tissues at high spatial resolution. Conventional MRI focuses almost exclusively on visualizing anatomy and has no specificity for any particular cell type. The 'probe' ...
Autoimmunity 3rd yr
... Original concept – the receptors of lymphocytes with specificity for foreign antigens underwent mutation – results in a new class of receptors with specificity for self-antigens. It is now clear that autoantibodies and self-reactive T cells are normal components of the immune repertoire. ...
... Original concept – the receptors of lymphocytes with specificity for foreign antigens underwent mutation – results in a new class of receptors with specificity for self-antigens. It is now clear that autoantibodies and self-reactive T cells are normal components of the immune repertoire. ...
acquired immunity
... One naïve T- cell ( in thousands ) is likely to be ( specific for a particular antigen ) and will be trapped in the the L.node . ...
... One naïve T- cell ( in thousands ) is likely to be ( specific for a particular antigen ) and will be trapped in the the L.node . ...
Infectious Diseases
... blood flow, this allows phagocytes to leave blood stream and enter body tissues. This continues until the pathogen is destroyed. • Symptoms – heat, redness, and swelling ...
... blood flow, this allows phagocytes to leave blood stream and enter body tissues. This continues until the pathogen is destroyed. • Symptoms – heat, redness, and swelling ...
Everyday our bodies are under attack. While invisible to the naked
... and remember that viral “bad guy” in the future. This “immune memory” is a hallmark of the immune system that enables it to wipe out that same virus with great speed, if seen again. A vaccine’s purpose is to create immune memory, conferring protection without an individual ever having to be infected ...
... and remember that viral “bad guy” in the future. This “immune memory” is a hallmark of the immune system that enables it to wipe out that same virus with great speed, if seen again. A vaccine’s purpose is to create immune memory, conferring protection without an individual ever having to be infected ...
Ch. 8 notes
... IMMUNITY • THE NEXT TIME THE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADES – THE “T” CELLS WILL BE READY AND YOU WILL NOT GET SICK • IMMUNITY – RESISTANCE TO A ...
... IMMUNITY • THE NEXT TIME THE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADES – THE “T” CELLS WILL BE READY AND YOU WILL NOT GET SICK • IMMUNITY – RESISTANCE TO A ...
PATH_417_Case_2_Summary_SunnyChen
... – mediated by the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell and CD4+ T-helper cell (TH cells) – Antigen specificity required • provided by dendritic cells when activation occurs – CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells recognize MHC1-antigen complexes • once activated, CD8+ will leave the lymph node and home towards the site of infect ...
... – mediated by the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell and CD4+ T-helper cell (TH cells) – Antigen specificity required • provided by dendritic cells when activation occurs – CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells recognize MHC1-antigen complexes • once activated, CD8+ will leave the lymph node and home towards the site of infect ...
Conflict: Immunity
... An animal’s most basic defenses against pathogens include physical barriers, like skin or a shell, and chemical barriers like sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, stomach acid, and urine. If pathogens are able to breach any of these barriers, it is vital that the immune system is able to distinguish these f ...
... An animal’s most basic defenses against pathogens include physical barriers, like skin or a shell, and chemical barriers like sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, stomach acid, and urine. If pathogens are able to breach any of these barriers, it is vital that the immune system is able to distinguish these f ...
immune_system_lecture
... Helper T cells recognize antigens from pathogens or APC; Helper T cells activate B cells that have the proper antibody shape to start making antibodies; Antibodies bind to pathogens and mark them for destruction by phagocytes or “complement” proteins found in blood. ...
... Helper T cells recognize antigens from pathogens or APC; Helper T cells activate B cells that have the proper antibody shape to start making antibodies; Antibodies bind to pathogens and mark them for destruction by phagocytes or “complement” proteins found in blood. ...
Chapter 3 Review Answers
... 1. A pathogen is an organism or substance that can cause a disease. 2. Pathogens can be spread over 5 m by a coughor a sneeze. By covering your mouth, you reduce the distance the pathogen can travel. 3. The stomach produces gastric juice, which is very acidic and can destroy bacteria. 4. The innate ...
... 1. A pathogen is an organism or substance that can cause a disease. 2. Pathogens can be spread over 5 m by a coughor a sneeze. By covering your mouth, you reduce the distance the pathogen can travel. 3. The stomach produces gastric juice, which is very acidic and can destroy bacteria. 4. The innate ...
Severe combined immune deficiency syndrome
... 8. Infections that do not resolve with antibiotic treatment for two or more months 9. Failure to gain weight or grow normally 10. Infections that require intravenous antibiotic treatment 11. Deep-seated infections, such as pneumonia that affects an entire lung or an abscess in the liver 12. Persiste ...
... 8. Infections that do not resolve with antibiotic treatment for two or more months 9. Failure to gain weight or grow normally 10. Infections that require intravenous antibiotic treatment 11. Deep-seated infections, such as pneumonia that affects an entire lung or an abscess in the liver 12. Persiste ...
Blood and Immunity Review
... human body responds to fight disease? (1) destruction of infectious agents by white blood cells (2) production of antibodies by white blood cells (3) increased production of white blood cells (4) production of pathogens by white blood cells ...
... human body responds to fight disease? (1) destruction of infectious agents by white blood cells (2) production of antibodies by white blood cells (3) increased production of white blood cells (4) production of pathogens by white blood cells ...
The Second Line of Defense ~The Inflammatory Response~
... - Most infections never make it past the ~Antibodies~ first and second levels of defense - Those that do trigger the production and release of antibodies - Proteins that latch onto, damage, clump, and slow foreign particles - Each antibody binds only to one specific binding site, known as an antigen ...
... - Most infections never make it past the ~Antibodies~ first and second levels of defense - Those that do trigger the production and release of antibodies - Proteins that latch onto, damage, clump, and slow foreign particles - Each antibody binds only to one specific binding site, known as an antigen ...
Lymphatic System
... – Phagocytes enfulf microbes, debris, damaged cells – Each phagocyte can only eat few microbes and then it dies. – In severe tissue damage or wounds, the surrounding fluid will turn into pus. – Pus- dead phagocytes and debris – Fever – macrophages release chemicals into the bloodstream • Hypothalamu ...
... – Phagocytes enfulf microbes, debris, damaged cells – Each phagocyte can only eat few microbes and then it dies. – In severe tissue damage or wounds, the surrounding fluid will turn into pus. – Pus- dead phagocytes and debris – Fever – macrophages release chemicals into the bloodstream • Hypothalamu ...
School Sores
... Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogenic bacteria are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on macrophages4 ...
... Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogenic bacteria are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on macrophages4 ...
MMG 301 Lec 33 Host Defenses Questions for today: 1. What are
... involves Ab production (as IgM in this case) when first exposed to the Ag. Secondary response involves burst of Ab produced (as IgG in this case) after later exposure. Some vaccines require such a periodic “booster shot”. Specific Immunity: Cell Mediated • This process also begins with phagocytosis ...
... involves Ab production (as IgM in this case) when first exposed to the Ag. Secondary response involves burst of Ab produced (as IgG in this case) after later exposure. Some vaccines require such a periodic “booster shot”. Specific Immunity: Cell Mediated • This process also begins with phagocytosis ...
Immunity & Abnormal Responses
... – Those proteins made by the cell that are incorporated into the cell membrane & hold or present foreign antigenic material that has gotten into the cell – These are usually glycoproteins & everybody has different ones • Controlled by genes on chromosome 6 in region called MHC » MHC = major histocom ...
... – Those proteins made by the cell that are incorporated into the cell membrane & hold or present foreign antigenic material that has gotten into the cell – These are usually glycoproteins & everybody has different ones • Controlled by genes on chromosome 6 in region called MHC » MHC = major histocom ...
Aids and HIV
... • They will attack and destroy invading bacterial cells and cancer cells • When infected with HIV, the virus begins to reproduce within the T Cell (this destroys the T Cell) ...
... • They will attack and destroy invading bacterial cells and cancer cells • When infected with HIV, the virus begins to reproduce within the T Cell (this destroys the T Cell) ...
Aids and HIV
... • They will attack and destroy invading bacterial cells and cancer cells • When infected with HIV, the virus begins to reproduce within the T Cell (this destroys the T Cell) ...
... • They will attack and destroy invading bacterial cells and cancer cells • When infected with HIV, the virus begins to reproduce within the T Cell (this destroys the T Cell) ...
Chapter 13 – Lessonn 2 – The Immune System
... surface that you touch. There is nothing to be afraid of because your body protects you most of the time. Your body has 5 major barriers to block pathogens. ...
... surface that you touch. There is nothing to be afraid of because your body protects you most of the time. Your body has 5 major barriers to block pathogens. ...
Ch 35 Disease Fighting mechanisms Pre test key 2
... G. Proteins that fight viral growth H. The body’s most important nonspecific defense I. Distinguish between self and other and inactivate or kill foreign substances that enter the body. J. An enzyme found in tears and saliva that breaks down bacterial cell walls ...
... G. Proteins that fight viral growth H. The body’s most important nonspecific defense I. Distinguish between self and other and inactivate or kill foreign substances that enter the body. J. An enzyme found in tears and saliva that breaks down bacterial cell walls ...
Living Environment Immune System and Disease Aim What are the
... Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response Ex. Bacteria, virus Phagocyte: Cells that engulf foreign cells/material Humoral Immunity Immunity against pathogens in body fluids by white blood cells(B+T) B lymphocyte(B-cell): Produces antibodies, have memory T lymphocyte(T-cell): Activate B- ...
... Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response Ex. Bacteria, virus Phagocyte: Cells that engulf foreign cells/material Humoral Immunity Immunity against pathogens in body fluids by white blood cells(B+T) B lymphocyte(B-cell): Produces antibodies, have memory T lymphocyte(T-cell): Activate B- ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.