CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY The Immune Response
... – B cells that are stimulated will actively secrete antibodies and are called plasma cells. – Antibodies are found in extracellular fluids (blood plasma, lymph, mucus, etc.) and the surface of B cells. – Defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses that circulate freely in body fluids, be ...
... – B cells that are stimulated will actively secrete antibodies and are called plasma cells. – Antibodies are found in extracellular fluids (blood plasma, lymph, mucus, etc.) and the surface of B cells. – Defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses that circulate freely in body fluids, be ...
Self tolerance
... RA is caused by an autoimmune response against self-antigen(s), which leads to T cell reactions in the joint with production of cytokines that activate phagocytes that damage tissues and stimulate proliferation of synovial cells (synovitis). ...
... RA is caused by an autoimmune response against self-antigen(s), which leads to T cell reactions in the joint with production of cytokines that activate phagocytes that damage tissues and stimulate proliferation of synovial cells (synovitis). ...
Disease Immune System
... Fever – Caused by Histamines. The Fever Kills Invaders by Denaturing Proteins. ...
... Fever – Caused by Histamines. The Fever Kills Invaders by Denaturing Proteins. ...
File
... antibodies or cells that have been infected or somehow changed. (There are actually T cells that are called "killer cells.") T cells are also involved in helping signal other cells (like phagocytes) to do their jobs. Antibodies can also neutralize toxins (poisonous or damaging substances) produced b ...
... antibodies or cells that have been infected or somehow changed. (There are actually T cells that are called "killer cells.") T cells are also involved in helping signal other cells (like phagocytes) to do their jobs. Antibodies can also neutralize toxins (poisonous or damaging substances) produced b ...
Antibodies - INAYA Medical College
... • Give optimum reaction at a temperature of room or lower, and they are also called cold agglutinins. • These antibodies are of high MW that they can’t cross the placental barrier, eg. IgM. ...
... • Give optimum reaction at a temperature of room or lower, and they are also called cold agglutinins. • These antibodies are of high MW that they can’t cross the placental barrier, eg. IgM. ...
T-cell
... dependent upon interaction between a surface glycoprotein on nonlymphoid stromal cells called stem-cell factor (SCF) and its receptor on Bcell precursors ,kit tyrosine kinase. The thymus and the bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs. They contain cells undergoing a process of maturation from stem ...
... dependent upon interaction between a surface glycoprotein on nonlymphoid stromal cells called stem-cell factor (SCF) and its receptor on Bcell precursors ,kit tyrosine kinase. The thymus and the bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs. They contain cells undergoing a process of maturation from stem ...
Scientific Glossary
... Minor histocompatibility antigens: These antigens, encoded outside the MHC, are numerous, but do not generate rapid graft rejection or primary responses of T cells in vitro. They do not serve as restricting elements in cell interactions. Mitogen: A substance that stimulates the proliferation of many ...
... Minor histocompatibility antigens: These antigens, encoded outside the MHC, are numerous, but do not generate rapid graft rejection or primary responses of T cells in vitro. They do not serve as restricting elements in cell interactions. Mitogen: A substance that stimulates the proliferation of many ...
IMMUNITY
... Figure 14-4 The lymphoid system, showing the central organs of the thymus and bone marrow and the peripheral organs, including the spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches. ...
... Figure 14-4 The lymphoid system, showing the central organs of the thymus and bone marrow and the peripheral organs, including the spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches. ...
Innate Immune Defects - Immune Deficiency Foundation
... two cell types that require “training” or education to learn not to attack our own cells and to become more efficient for eliminating invading germs. In contrast to the innate immune system, adaptive immune responses recognize microbes by specific receptors found on T- and B-cells. The advantages of ...
... two cell types that require “training” or education to learn not to attack our own cells and to become more efficient for eliminating invading germs. In contrast to the innate immune system, adaptive immune responses recognize microbes by specific receptors found on T- and B-cells. The advantages of ...
Blood Typing
... cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. • Type B blood has the B antigen on the red blood cells and the anti-A antibodies in the plasma • Type AB blood has both antigens on the red blood cells and no antibodies in the plasma. • Type O blood has no has neither A nor B antigens on the cells and has ...
... cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. • Type B blood has the B antigen on the red blood cells and the anti-A antibodies in the plasma • Type AB blood has both antigens on the red blood cells and no antibodies in the plasma. • Type O blood has no has neither A nor B antigens on the cells and has ...
IMMUNE EFFECTOR MECHANISMS
... Route of infection/exposure. Activation of Th1 vs. Th2 cells. Location/cell type involved in antigen presentation. • Cytokines expressed by antigen presenting cells and T cells. • Genetic factors. • Non-genetic factors. (e.g. age and nutritional status) ...
... Route of infection/exposure. Activation of Th1 vs. Th2 cells. Location/cell type involved in antigen presentation. • Cytokines expressed by antigen presenting cells and T cells. • Genetic factors. • Non-genetic factors. (e.g. age and nutritional status) ...
IMMUNE SYSTEM
... 4 Major Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity 3. cell proliferation triggered by activation greatly increases the # of B and T cells 4. there is a stronger & more rapid response to agn previously encountered – immunological memory occurs after mature lymphocyte encounters & binds to a specific agn ...
... 4 Major Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity 3. cell proliferation triggered by activation greatly increases the # of B and T cells 4. there is a stronger & more rapid response to agn previously encountered – immunological memory occurs after mature lymphocyte encounters & binds to a specific agn ...
Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk
... Damage as a result of defence reactions b) Injuries caused by specific immune reaction (immunopathological consequences of hypersensitivity) ...
... Damage as a result of defence reactions b) Injuries caused by specific immune reaction (immunopathological consequences of hypersensitivity) ...
Kuby Immunology 6/e - Dr. Jennifer Capers, PhD
... T helper cells ○ CD4 glycoprotein ○ “help” activation of B cells, TC cells, ...
... T helper cells ○ CD4 glycoprotein ○ “help” activation of B cells, TC cells, ...
Pathogens, Disease and Defense Against Disease
... large proteins that are either attached to the surfaces of B cells or dissolved in the blood plasma (these are called immunoglobins, abbreviated Ig) – recognize and attach to foreign antigens Y – shaped molecules made of 4 polypeptides (2 “heavy” chains and two “light” chains) antibodies have two si ...
... large proteins that are either attached to the surfaces of B cells or dissolved in the blood plasma (these are called immunoglobins, abbreviated Ig) – recognize and attach to foreign antigens Y – shaped molecules made of 4 polypeptides (2 “heavy” chains and two “light” chains) antibodies have two si ...
Adaptive versus innate immune mechanisms in trout responding to
... Early studies with attenuated vaccine preparations demonstrated that it is possible to induce protective immunity to virulent rhabdoviruses such as viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in trout. Little was known about the nature of the prote ...
... Early studies with attenuated vaccine preparations demonstrated that it is possible to induce protective immunity to virulent rhabdoviruses such as viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in trout. Little was known about the nature of the prote ...
Immunity to Infection
... encounters and antigen and is primed to recognise it and destroy it quickly the next time it is encountered. This is active immunity because the body’s immune system prepares itself for future challenges. • Passive immunity is short-term and involves the transfer of immunity from one individual to a ...
... encounters and antigen and is primed to recognise it and destroy it quickly the next time it is encountered. This is active immunity because the body’s immune system prepares itself for future challenges. • Passive immunity is short-term and involves the transfer of immunity from one individual to a ...
Immunology Notes (Ch 31)
... Non-specific vs. specific Acquired vs. passive immunity Humoral vs. Cell-mediated response ...
... Non-specific vs. specific Acquired vs. passive immunity Humoral vs. Cell-mediated response ...
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... • The results of these experiments show that different cell types involved in bone maintenance have different responses to the unloaded microgravity environment. Therefore, this provides several poten:al cell types ...
... • The results of these experiments show that different cell types involved in bone maintenance have different responses to the unloaded microgravity environment. Therefore, this provides several poten:al cell types ...
hypersensitivities ppt
... Bacterial Virulence and Infectivity • Bacteremia or septicemia • Presence of bacteria in the blood as a result of a failure of the body’s defense mechanisms • Usually caused by gram-negative bacteria • Toxins released in the blood cause the release of vasoactive peptides and cytokines that produce ...
... Bacterial Virulence and Infectivity • Bacteremia or septicemia • Presence of bacteria in the blood as a result of a failure of the body’s defense mechanisms • Usually caused by gram-negative bacteria • Toxins released in the blood cause the release of vasoactive peptides and cytokines that produce ...
- SlideBoom
... The transformation of CD4 lymphocytes into Th1 or Th2 subtypes is currently thought to be the central stage of the immune response. Although unconfirmed, it is thought that Th0 lymphocytes can polarize into Th1 or Th2 cells according to the cytokines contained in the microenvironment in which the ce ...
... The transformation of CD4 lymphocytes into Th1 or Th2 subtypes is currently thought to be the central stage of the immune response. Although unconfirmed, it is thought that Th0 lymphocytes can polarize into Th1 or Th2 cells according to the cytokines contained in the microenvironment in which the ce ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.