Immune system
... – Secretions containing lysozyme, antibodies -tears, saliva – Secretions to trap microorganisms - earwax, mucus – Acidic environments - digestive acids in stomach, vagina ...
... – Secretions containing lysozyme, antibodies -tears, saliva – Secretions to trap microorganisms - earwax, mucus – Acidic environments - digestive acids in stomach, vagina ...
Isotype switching Diversification of Igs after B cells encounter antigens
... isotype, i.e. IgG1 is more abundant than IgG2 which is more abundant than IgG3 in serum. In humans there are two subclasses of IgA and 4 subclasses of ...
... isotype, i.e. IgG1 is more abundant than IgG2 which is more abundant than IgG3 in serum. In humans there are two subclasses of IgA and 4 subclasses of ...
Non-specific (innate) immune system Specific (adaptive) immune
... B cells that have been activated to produce antibodies. Each B cell makes only one type of antibody. ...
... B cells that have been activated to produce antibodies. Each B cell makes only one type of antibody. ...
Immune defence in the lymphatic system of the skin
... The functions of the lymphatic system of the skin As a transport network, the lymphatic system forms part of the immune system. It forms a network in the skin that lies parallel to the avascular epidermis in the cutis (▶Fig. 2). Lymph flow is unidirectional from the periphery to the centre and is se ...
... The functions of the lymphatic system of the skin As a transport network, the lymphatic system forms part of the immune system. It forms a network in the skin that lies parallel to the avascular epidermis in the cutis (▶Fig. 2). Lymph flow is unidirectional from the periphery to the centre and is se ...
antigen - SITH-ITB
... – neutrophils and eosinophils are white blood cells that function primarily as phagocytes, which are scavenger cells that travel in the bloodstream or wander through body tissues, engulfing bacteria and debris. – Basophils release chemical signals that trigger inflammation and allergies. – Mast c ...
... – neutrophils and eosinophils are white blood cells that function primarily as phagocytes, which are scavenger cells that travel in the bloodstream or wander through body tissues, engulfing bacteria and debris. – Basophils release chemical signals that trigger inflammation and allergies. – Mast c ...
CNS Infections
... Covered in host glycolipid, MHCs hyaluronic acid coat mimics host surface covered by polysacch side chains added by host enzy ...
... Covered in host glycolipid, MHCs hyaluronic acid coat mimics host surface covered by polysacch side chains added by host enzy ...
Cells of the Immune System-I
... Cells of innate immunity 1. Innate immune cells are derived from Bone Marrow. 2. Their primary functions are (1) to identify and kill microbes, and (2) Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) additionally function to present Ag to and activate lymphocytes. 3. Innate immune cells recognize the common microb ...
... Cells of innate immunity 1. Innate immune cells are derived from Bone Marrow. 2. Their primary functions are (1) to identify and kill microbes, and (2) Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) additionally function to present Ag to and activate lymphocytes. 3. Innate immune cells recognize the common microb ...
MCB 150: Molecular Immunology - Department of Molecular & Cell
... First some key definitions: Pathogen: microbe that causes disease Antigen: material (from a pathogen) that induces an immune response Innate (natural) immunity: rapid, non specific immune response Adaptive (acquired) immunity: slower, specific immune response Leukocytes: blood cells Lymphocytes: sp ...
... First some key definitions: Pathogen: microbe that causes disease Antigen: material (from a pathogen) that induces an immune response Innate (natural) immunity: rapid, non specific immune response Adaptive (acquired) immunity: slower, specific immune response Leukocytes: blood cells Lymphocytes: sp ...
Cytotoxic T Cells
... are infected with intracellular parasites such as viruses, if body cells become malignant, or by non-self antigens (eg, transplants) MHC Class I antigens allow activated cytotoxic T cells to interact with the target cell ...
... are infected with intracellular parasites such as viruses, if body cells become malignant, or by non-self antigens (eg, transplants) MHC Class I antigens allow activated cytotoxic T cells to interact with the target cell ...
02-04-12 ALLERGY: • META-ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL TRIALS ON
... It seems perplexing that tumours persist despite being enriched for T cells that are specific for antigens expressed by the tumour. This is perhaps because tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are restrained by immunosuppressive molecules, such as T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing ...
... It seems perplexing that tumours persist despite being enriched for T cells that are specific for antigens expressed by the tumour. This is perhaps because tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are restrained by immunosuppressive molecules, such as T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing ...
Practice human body test
... 1. He will have the symptoms of the bird flu because he is not immune to the avian influenza virus. 2. He will have the symptoms of the common cold because he is not immune to the avian influenza virus. 3. He will not have the symptoms of the bird flu because he is immune to rhinovirus A. 4. He ...
... 1. He will have the symptoms of the bird flu because he is not immune to the avian influenza virus. 2. He will have the symptoms of the common cold because he is not immune to the avian influenza virus. 3. He will not have the symptoms of the bird flu because he is immune to rhinovirus A. 4. He ...
The Basics of Cancer Biology
... • Adaptive AND innate immunity – Aberrantly matured myeloid cells: MDSC (myeloid-derived suppressor cells). These cells are produced by the bone marrow in large numbers and arrest at the promyelocyte stage of maturation. They migrate into tumor stromas and actively suppress anti-tumor responses. The ...
... • Adaptive AND innate immunity – Aberrantly matured myeloid cells: MDSC (myeloid-derived suppressor cells). These cells are produced by the bone marrow in large numbers and arrest at the promyelocyte stage of maturation. They migrate into tumor stromas and actively suppress anti-tumor responses. The ...
PowerPoint ****
... Ligand-receptor pairs involved in T cell activation. A, The major surface molecules of CD4+ T cells involved in the activation of these cells (the receptors) and the molecules on APCs (the ligands) recognized by the receptors are shown. CD8+ T cells use most of the same molecules, except that the TC ...
... Ligand-receptor pairs involved in T cell activation. A, The major surface molecules of CD4+ T cells involved in the activation of these cells (the receptors) and the molecules on APCs (the ligands) recognized by the receptors are shown. CD8+ T cells use most of the same molecules, except that the TC ...
5. Cytokine
... 2. Functional Classification of Cytokines • Mediators and regulators of innate immunity ...
... 2. Functional Classification of Cytokines • Mediators and regulators of innate immunity ...
13_Immune_system_-_Specifics_of_children`s_immunity_
... • Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens, can infect any type of cells, and most cells do not possess antimicrobial mechanisms; • During intracellular replication virus proteins appear on the surface of the infected cell; • A second subset of T-cells - cytotoxic T-cells recognises these viruse ...
... • Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens, can infect any type of cells, and most cells do not possess antimicrobial mechanisms; • During intracellular replication virus proteins appear on the surface of the infected cell; • A second subset of T-cells - cytotoxic T-cells recognises these viruse ...
Localization of Vibrio cho/erae 01 In the Intestinal Tissue
... to the intestinal lumen via absorp tive epithelial cells or intercellular spaces (Fig. 9a and 9b). In addition, there was an infiltration of neutro phils, eosinophiis and macrophages in the areas beneath the M cells and the absorptive epithelial cells. Large numbers of vibrios were found in the cy ...
... to the intestinal lumen via absorp tive epithelial cells or intercellular spaces (Fig. 9a and 9b). In addition, there was an infiltration of neutro phils, eosinophiis and macrophages in the areas beneath the M cells and the absorptive epithelial cells. Large numbers of vibrios were found in the cy ...
Document
... or acquired defects in lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other mediators of adaptive and innate immunity. These diseases are associated with an increased susceptibility to infection, the nature and severity of which depend largely on which component of the immune system is abnormal and the extent of the ...
... or acquired defects in lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other mediators of adaptive and innate immunity. These diseases are associated with an increased susceptibility to infection, the nature and severity of which depend largely on which component of the immune system is abnormal and the extent of the ...
Paul Kubes, University of Calgary Role of the Adapter Molecule
... Role of the Adapter Molecule MyD88 and the Protein Molecule TRIF in IBD About 10 years ago a number of scientists discovered how humans and other species recognize and respond to bacteria. Molecules called Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) recognize and get our immune system to respond appropriately to pat ...
... Role of the Adapter Molecule MyD88 and the Protein Molecule TRIF in IBD About 10 years ago a number of scientists discovered how humans and other species recognize and respond to bacteria. Molecules called Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) recognize and get our immune system to respond appropriately to pat ...
Immunity to Infection
... Functional rather than anatomical system Functions • Protection against pathogens • Elimination of tissues and cells that have been damaged, infected or killed Distinquishes between self and non-self. ...
... Functional rather than anatomical system Functions • Protection against pathogens • Elimination of tissues and cells that have been damaged, infected or killed Distinquishes between self and non-self. ...
Type of immune response
... B cells: Mature into plasma cells, secrete antibody (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD) T cells: T helper - produce stimulatory and regulatory cytokines T cells: T cytotoxic/suppressor – contact-dependent cytotoxicity, regulation of immune response NK cells: direct killing of cells (innate arm of IS) ...
... B cells: Mature into plasma cells, secrete antibody (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD) T cells: T helper - produce stimulatory and regulatory cytokines T cells: T cytotoxic/suppressor – contact-dependent cytotoxicity, regulation of immune response NK cells: direct killing of cells (innate arm of IS) ...
Immune System and Natural History_2013
... • weakened immune response. • the immune system fails to develop normally. • Affected by drugs and other diseases • Infection: Acquired immunodeficiency disease is AIDS. ...
... • weakened immune response. • the immune system fails to develop normally. • Affected by drugs and other diseases • Infection: Acquired immunodeficiency disease is AIDS. ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.