Systemic lupus erythematosus
... The disease is characterised by the production of ‘self’ (auto) antibodies (directed against nuclear ‘self’ (auto) antigens), inflammation and organ damage. The presence of antinuclear antibodies has been detected in the serum of a majority of patients before the onset of clinical disease symptoms, ...
... The disease is characterised by the production of ‘self’ (auto) antibodies (directed against nuclear ‘self’ (auto) antigens), inflammation and organ damage. The presence of antinuclear antibodies has been detected in the serum of a majority of patients before the onset of clinical disease symptoms, ...
MU Brno - Masaryk University
... distal interphalangeal joints) and then spreads to involve more proximal joints. The synovial membrane undergoes infiltration by lymphocytes (lymphoid follicles arise) causing villous hypertrophy. MHC class II molecules are strongly expressed on B cells and synovial lining cells. It is thought that ...
... distal interphalangeal joints) and then spreads to involve more proximal joints. The synovial membrane undergoes infiltration by lymphocytes (lymphoid follicles arise) causing villous hypertrophy. MHC class II molecules are strongly expressed on B cells and synovial lining cells. It is thought that ...
So You Want to Boost Your Immune System!
... 1. Macrophages identify the invaders 2. Helper T cell calls for help. 3. B cell tags the invaders with antibodies 4. Killer T cells destroy the invader. 5. Memory T and B cells remember the invaders ...
... 1. Macrophages identify the invaders 2. Helper T cell calls for help. 3. B cell tags the invaders with antibodies 4. Killer T cells destroy the invader. 5. Memory T and B cells remember the invaders ...
Slide 1
... 1. We find them, surround them and digest them, BURP! (phagocytosis) AND 2. Some of us make chemicals called antibodies that stick to microbes. Each microbe has antigens ( molecules on their surface). Antibodies recognise the shape of each different antigen & stick to them. Death follows ...
... 1. We find them, surround them and digest them, BURP! (phagocytosis) AND 2. Some of us make chemicals called antibodies that stick to microbes. Each microbe has antigens ( molecules on their surface). Antibodies recognise the shape of each different antigen & stick to them. Death follows ...
Document
... Prerequisites: Biology. Molecular biology is not required, but it is recommended that you are familiar with DNA replication and gene transcription. Following completion of this course, students should be able to: 1. Identify and express the need for an effective immune system. 2. Rationalize the con ...
... Prerequisites: Biology. Molecular biology is not required, but it is recommended that you are familiar with DNA replication and gene transcription. Following completion of this course, students should be able to: 1. Identify and express the need for an effective immune system. 2. Rationalize the con ...
Defenses Against Disease
... – Both chains have constant and variable regions that form highly specific antigen binding sites – Each type of antibody is unique to the B cell that makes them ...
... – Both chains have constant and variable regions that form highly specific antigen binding sites – Each type of antibody is unique to the B cell that makes them ...
Slide Presentation (Powerpoint)
... blocked by glycosylation CD4 cells respond, but CD4 numbers are low CD8 cells are present Up to 50% can be virus-specific as assessed by tetramer binding Escape mutants have been demonstrated Nef causes down-regulation of MHC I A and B (not C) This results in decreased CD8-mediated killing CD8 cells ...
... blocked by glycosylation CD4 cells respond, but CD4 numbers are low CD8 cells are present Up to 50% can be virus-specific as assessed by tetramer binding Escape mutants have been demonstrated Nef causes down-regulation of MHC I A and B (not C) This results in decreased CD8-mediated killing CD8 cells ...
Chapter 14 - Lymphatic System and Immunity 14.1 Introduction (p
... T cells may also secrete toxins that kill target cells, or produce growth-inhibiting factors or interferon to interfere with viruses and tumor cells. ...
... T cells may also secrete toxins that kill target cells, or produce growth-inhibiting factors or interferon to interfere with viruses and tumor cells. ...
Chapter 16 - Lymphatic System and Immunity
... T cells may also secrete toxins that kill target cells, or produce growth-inhibiting factors or interferon to interfere with viruses and tumor cells. ...
... T cells may also secrete toxins that kill target cells, or produce growth-inhibiting factors or interferon to interfere with viruses and tumor cells. ...
Lymphatic System and Immunity
... Once released from infected cell, binds to receptors on uninfected cells Stimulates them to synthesize proteins that block replication of a variety ...
... Once released from infected cell, binds to receptors on uninfected cells Stimulates them to synthesize proteins that block replication of a variety ...
Microbiology Review Guide Answers
... Microbiology Review Guide Answers Viruses 1. A virus is a small pathogen which causes many diseases. 2. Viruses are non-living because they don’t carry out life processes such as metabolism, growth, & development. All are parasitic – require hosts. 3. True: Viruses are specific as to what type of ho ...
... Microbiology Review Guide Answers Viruses 1. A virus is a small pathogen which causes many diseases. 2. Viruses are non-living because they don’t carry out life processes such as metabolism, growth, & development. All are parasitic – require hosts. 3. True: Viruses are specific as to what type of ho ...
Non Specific Host Defense Mechanisms
... • Alpha: B-cells, monocytes, macrophages Beta: Fibroblasts, other virus-infected cells Gamma: T-cells, NK cells • Save surrounding cells; spread inhibited • Not specific, but species (animal) specific c ont ...
... • Alpha: B-cells, monocytes, macrophages Beta: Fibroblasts, other virus-infected cells Gamma: T-cells, NK cells • Save surrounding cells; spread inhibited • Not specific, but species (animal) specific c ont ...
DEFINITIONS - Microbiology Book
... Antigenic Determinants Recognized by T cells • Composition – Proteins (some lipids) – Sequence determinants • Processed • MHC presentation (lipid presentation by MHC-like CD1) ...
... Antigenic Determinants Recognized by T cells • Composition – Proteins (some lipids) – Sequence determinants • Processed • MHC presentation (lipid presentation by MHC-like CD1) ...
T cells
... Cytotoxic T cells -Naïve TC cells are activated upon TCR recognition of foreign peptide displayed on self-MHC class I protein on dendritic cells -Clonal expansion and differentiation into activated cells and memory cells -Activated cells induce apoptosis in cells with same specificity as first cell ...
... Cytotoxic T cells -Naïve TC cells are activated upon TCR recognition of foreign peptide displayed on self-MHC class I protein on dendritic cells -Clonal expansion and differentiation into activated cells and memory cells -Activated cells induce apoptosis in cells with same specificity as first cell ...
Document
... MIC-A, MIC-B (humans) Rae-1 family (mice) These ligands are induced during viral infection and cellular stress Ligands for many of the activating receptors have not been identified yet… ...
... MIC-A, MIC-B (humans) Rae-1 family (mice) These ligands are induced during viral infection and cellular stress Ligands for many of the activating receptors have not been identified yet… ...
To B or not to B: Pair use trout to study kidney's role in nurturing fish immune cells
... B cells are frontline scouts of the immune system. They recognize bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, then produce antibodies to help the body rid itself of these and other foreign antigens. In fish, B cells are thought to arise in the anterior kidney, though this has yet to be proven. They dev ...
... B cells are frontline scouts of the immune system. They recognize bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, then produce antibodies to help the body rid itself of these and other foreign antigens. In fish, B cells are thought to arise in the anterior kidney, though this has yet to be proven. They dev ...
Overview of the Immune System in Transplantation
... reexposure to that antigen, rapidly attack it to prevent re-infection. The innate immune system is also referred to as cellular immunity. As mentioned, T-cells are the first to respond to the presence of anything “non-self.” Cellular immunity is particularly active against viruses, for example. The ...
... reexposure to that antigen, rapidly attack it to prevent re-infection. The innate immune system is also referred to as cellular immunity. As mentioned, T-cells are the first to respond to the presence of anything “non-self.” Cellular immunity is particularly active against viruses, for example. The ...
Study Guide 3 ()
... 7. What do the kidneys do? 8. Diagram the excretory system. 9. Why do cats have such strong urine? (lecture) 10. A symptom of kidney failure is dilute urine – explain why. 11. What is dialysis and why is it only a short term solution for kidney failure? 12. Label the major parts of the digestive sys ...
... 7. What do the kidneys do? 8. Diagram the excretory system. 9. Why do cats have such strong urine? (lecture) 10. A symptom of kidney failure is dilute urine – explain why. 11. What is dialysis and why is it only a short term solution for kidney failure? 12. Label the major parts of the digestive sys ...
Lecture 1 Food Allergy Immunology and Symptoms
... phenomenon in adults and children – Most antibodies to foods in non-reactive humans are IgG, but do not trigger the complement cascade – Such antibodies are not associated with allergy – CD8+ suppressor cells at basolateral surface are activated – In conjunction with MHC class I molecules – Suppress ...
... phenomenon in adults and children – Most antibodies to foods in non-reactive humans are IgG, but do not trigger the complement cascade – Such antibodies are not associated with allergy – CD8+ suppressor cells at basolateral surface are activated – In conjunction with MHC class I molecules – Suppress ...
CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY The Immune Response
... – B cells that are stimulated will actively secrete antibodies and are called plasma cells. – Antibodies are found in extracellular fluids (blood plasma, lymph, mucus, etc.) and the surface of B cells. – Defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses that circulate freely in body fluids, be ...
... – B cells that are stimulated will actively secrete antibodies and are called plasma cells. – Antibodies are found in extracellular fluids (blood plasma, lymph, mucus, etc.) and the surface of B cells. – Defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses that circulate freely in body fluids, be ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.