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... Multiple Choice Questions - Choose the SINGLE BEST ANSWER 1. A large body of immunologic, epidemiologic, and genetic data indicate that tissue injury in multiple sclerosis (MS) results from an abnormal immune response to one or more myelin antigens. Susceptibility may be mediated by the HLA proteins ...
Regents Biology Jonas Salk Developed first vaccine against polio
Regents Biology Jonas Salk Developed first vaccine against polio

MICR 201 Microbiology for Health Related Sciences
MICR 201 Microbiology for Health Related Sciences

... Normally, self-reacting B-cells and T-cells are deleted during fetal development (self tolerance)  Autoimmunity is the consequence of loss of selftolerance  Chronic disease that is continuously ongoing, since self antigen cannot be eliminated ...
adaptive immune system
adaptive immune system

... Lymphocytes are responsible for the specific immune response ...
MICR 304 S2010 Lecture 11 T Ly - Cal State LA
MICR 304 S2010 Lecture 11 T Ly - Cal State LA

... • Double positive thymocytes have a life span of 3 to 4 days and are programmed to enter apoptosis if not rescued. • Developing thymocytes are exposed to self peptide presented on self MHC molecules • They are rescued from apoptosis if their TCR recognizes self-peptide on self MHC molecules. • Howev ...
B CELL
B CELL

... QUESTION: How can so many different pathogens and other structures be recognized by antibodies? What drives and How the production of antibodies? ...
Quiz 2 Practice with Answers
Quiz 2 Practice with Answers

... b. Transcription factors are the latest genes to be turned on: it takes several days for these genes to be translated and transcribed c. Transcription factors are amongst the fastest genes to be turned on after TcR mediated activation, taking less than 30 minutes in some cases. d. Transcription fact ...
A1981LE35900001
A1981LE35900001

... was from this experiment that the culture vessel was developed. It was obvious in 1966 that culture techniques were becoming mandatory for immunological studies so that the development of 'primary' responses in vitro was timely. "In retrospect, the development of the work owed a lot, not only to enc ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Characteristics of local inflammation Signals - degranulated tissue mast cells and phagocytes, molecules liberated from damaged cells  increased blood vessel permeability  increased endothelial adhesivity, trapping of phagocytes, lymphocytes, penetration into tissues  activation of coagulation, ...
Dendreon: Pipeline Largely Based on Active Cellular Immunotherapy
Dendreon: Pipeline Largely Based on Active Cellular Immunotherapy

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The Immune System - Holy Angels School
The Immune System - Holy Angels School

... • Macrophages help start the body’s immune response to antigens. • An antigen is a substance that stimulates a response by the immune system. • T cells can coordinate the body’s immune response and attack infected cells. • Helper T cells activate killer T cells, which attack infected body cells. • B ...
Antibodies - blobs.org
Antibodies - blobs.org

... leaves the Fc region free. If this is recognised by any cells with an Fc receptor, the cell will realise there’s an enemy nearby and release perforin and granzymes to destroy it. The antibody acts like a flag to the presence of a nearby invader. ...
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(4) Adaptive Immune System and the Humoral Immune Response

... Opsonization and Inactivating an Antigen Opsonization: Certain bacterial cells have so many AG determinants that the antibodies coat the bacteria cell. The constant regions stick out (called the FC region). The phagocytes have FC receptors. This interaction allows the phagocyte to roll over the pat ...
Review Article Infectious diseases and autoimmunity
Review Article Infectious diseases and autoimmunity

... Figure 1. Mechanism by which pathogens may cause autoimmunity. a) Molecular mimicry describes the activation of crossreactive T cells that recognize both the pathogen-derived epitopes and the self-derived epitopes. Pathogen-derived epitops are taken up by APC and presented to T cells. Activation of ...
Suppressing the immune system
Suppressing the immune system

... The cells then enter the spleen, which filters the blood and helps remove old and dying blood cells. During this process immune cells learn to recognise the myelin antigen as harmless because in the spleen, the particles are engulfed by macrophages (white blood cells that engulf pathogens and unwant ...
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Answers

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Specific Immunity

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the immune system phagocytosis antibody function

... Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the macrophage and becomes active. Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells. Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and Memory T ...
biology 37.2
biology 37.2

... type of white blood cell that is produced in red bone marrow. (p. 1086) ...
RHINOVIRUSES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6
RHINOVIRUSES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

... Rhinoviruses infect the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. The viruses can be grouped according to the epithelial cell receptors to which they bind. Major-group viruses bind to the cell surface receptor ICAM-1 for entry  1 ; minor-group viruses bind to the unrelated low density lipoprotein ...
Natural Defense Mechanisms
Natural Defense Mechanisms

Animals and Immune Systems
Animals and Immune Systems



... iii) Monocytes (~6% of WBC): found in blood, recruited to site of injury within 4-6 hrs, Monocytes develop into the following three cell types: Macrophages: found in tissues near blood vessels. Tissue specific forms, e.g. Kupffer cells in the liver, microglial cells in the central nervous system Den ...
B cells
B cells

... Humoral immune response B cells for self proteins will be destroyed during fetal life. Antigen do not provide information to plasma cells but select those which can tailor make the specific antibodies. The unique DNA base sequence in lymphocytes determine the specificity of antibody. ...
ppt - Marric.us
ppt - Marric.us

... • The skin serves as a physical barrier to prevent the passage of many disease-causing microorganisms. The skin is also slightly acidic and has good bacteria. ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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