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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

... HIV levels increase while the T cells decrease Leaves body more prone to infections and diseases ...
misdirected reactions of the immune system autoimmunity
misdirected reactions of the immune system autoimmunity

... • Adaptive immune response specific for self-antigens (autoantigens) • Exists due to random generation of TCR and BCR • Represents failures of mechanisms that maintain selftolerance in TCR and BCR ...
antigen specific immunostimulation
antigen specific immunostimulation

... Culturing virus in monkey cells  mutations  virus growth in monkey cells, but  does not growth in human cells  vaccine In vitro mutagenesis: irreversible modification of virus gene ...
Holly Gets Sick
Holly Gets Sick

... d) makes body immune to future infection _____________________________ e) leaves lymph nodes to destroy infected cells _____________________________________ f) remains in the lymph nodes _____________________________________ ...
Chapter 15: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenecity Below you will
Chapter 15: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenecity Below you will

... might supply nutrients for bacterial growth. Leukocidins destroy neutrophils and macrophages that are active in phagocytosis. This decreases host resistance to infection. Coagulase is an enzyme that causes the fibrinogen in blood to clot. The clot may protect the bacterium from phagocytosis and othe ...
1. dia - immunology.unideb.hu
1. dia - immunology.unideb.hu

... • Antigen (Ag) - any substance, which is recognized by the mature immune system of a given organism – antigenicity - specific reactivity with cells or molecules of the immune system – immunogenicity - capability to elicit an immune response ...
Powerpoint 5
Powerpoint 5

... • Cytokines are soluble mediators produced by leukocytes that regulate interactions between cells. Several cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, and IL-4 affect leukocytes and are critical components in the generation of specific immune responses. Other cytokines such as IFN and TNF affect a wide variety o ...
To the principal Azra naheed Medical college Lahore
To the principal Azra naheed Medical college Lahore

... . Exogenous Ags ( Dust, pollens, foods, drugs, Microbes, chemicals) . Immune response due to Ag & Ab interaction . Examples ( Skin rash, Asthma, SLE, Hemolytic anemia, Transplant rejection) ...
Sample Question Evaluations
Sample Question Evaluations

... c. The body uses it up as energy d. Half out of the body in secretions and half used up as energy 3. A patient has been identified as having a very virulent bacterial infection that is spread through close physical contact. To decrease the chance of spreading this organism, which infection control p ...
ITGB1 Polyclonal Antibody
ITGB1 Polyclonal Antibody

... Integrins are heterodimeric proteins made up of alpha and beta subunits. At least 18 alpha and 8 beta subunits have been described in mammals. Integrin family members are membrane receptors involved in cell adhesion and recognition in a variety of processes including embryogenesis, hemostasis, tissu ...
Immunobiology
Immunobiology

... The immune system distinguishes between self and foreign molecules and thus alerts and mediates protection against attack by potentially infectious organisms. Malfunctioning of the immune system leads to a number of disorders and diseases. Immunobiology is a comprehensive study of the organization a ...
Chapter 18 Quantitative and Thought Questions 18.1 Both would be
Chapter 18 Quantitative and Thought Questions 18.1 Both would be

... 18.3 The drug may reduce but would not eliminate the action of complement, because this system destroys cells directly (via the membrane attack complex) as well as by facilitating phagocytosis. 18.4 Antibodies would bind normally to antigen but may not be able to activate complement, act as opsonins ...
Chapter 43 Immune System
Chapter 43 Immune System

... attachment to microbes and increase phagocytosis 3. Agglutination – clumping of bacteria or viruses forms aggregates that can be readily phagocytosed by macrophages 4. Precipitation – antibodies cross link soluble antigen molecules dissolved in body fluids making them immobile and easily targeted by ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... • Recognize and kill other cells of the body—why? • Those cells are infected by virus or other intra-cellular pathogen • Cells “process” antigen from virus and “present” it on cell surface embedded in cell membrane so that TCR’s or antibodies can “recognize” that non-self antigen ...
Specific Resistance = Immunity
Specific Resistance = Immunity

... 100 million produced per day therefore others must die (apoptosis = programmed cell death) ...
antigenantibody
antigenantibody

... Third line of defense: (specific antigens/antibodies): 1. The pathogen or foreign invader has ANTIGENS on the surface of it’s structure. 2. White blood cells called lymphocytes recognize a foreign invader because of its ANTIGENS and will cause our B cells (types of lymphocytes, white blood cells) t ...
Human Anatomy #1
Human Anatomy #1

... The pathogen must be re-isolated and cultured from the newly sick animal and must be  ...
MICROBIO320 Short Answers – These should be typically 1
MICROBIO320 Short Answers – These should be typically 1

... They have extensive cytoplasmic domains that interact with intracellular molecules. They consist of polypeptides with variable and constant regions. They are associated with signal transduction molecules at the cell surface. They can interact with peptides derived from non-self antigens. ...
Immune System - WordPress.com
Immune System - WordPress.com

... Physical and Chemical Barriers These two elements are the body’s first line of defense to prevent pathogens from entering and causing disease.  Skin- Few pathogens can pass through the tough layer of dead skin cells that surrounds the body.  Tears and saliva-contain enzymes that destroy or disabl ...
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An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an organism
An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an organism

... Long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of B and T cells. Active immunity can also be generated artificially, through vaccination. The principle behind vaccination (also called immunization) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune sys ...
View Syllabus
View Syllabus

... The  course  explores  the  molecular  and  cellular  basis  of  the  immune  response  with  an   emphasis  on  immune  responses  to  infectious  disease  agents  and  cancer  and  diseases   resulting  from  dysregulation  of  the  imm ...
Activity 1: Antibodies and the adaptive immune response
Activity 1: Antibodies and the adaptive immune response

... Activity 1: Antibodies and the adaptive immune response The innate and adaptive immune system You will already be aware of the immune system and have some understanding of how it protects our bodies against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. You may recall that it can be divided into two parts: ...
here - Webpage Thomas Pradeu
here - Webpage Thomas Pradeu

... Humans and mice (vertebrates?) with null mutations in FOXP3 (IPEX, Scurfy) invariably succumb at very early ages (even before birth) by destruction of normal, “self” tissues. Regulatory T cells are essential for ensuring “self-tolerance”. ...
Viruses and host defenses
Viruses and host defenses

... interferon regulatory factor D-type cyclin G-protein coupled receptor ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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