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Pattern Recognition with an AIS
Pattern Recognition with an AIS

... Affinity. The number of receptors that bind to pathogens will determine the affinity that the lymphocyte has for a given pathogen. If a bond is very likely to occur, then many receptors will bind to pathogen epitopes, resulting in a high affinity for that pathogen; if a bond is unlikely to occur, th ...
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity

... Antibodies are Antibodies that produced as a have been produced result of by another animal immunisation or given artificially. with a vaccine ...
TSH TRH TR TSH TSH - Med
TSH TRH TR TSH TSH - Med

... T3 and T4 levels would suppress the release of pituitary TSH. In terms of the TRH test discussed in the passage, patients with Grave’s would be expected to respond poorly to administration of TRH as TSH release is abrogated through high levels of T3 and T4 that result from Grave’s. This is consisten ...
Immune System
Immune System

...  Memory – after initial exposure, long term acquired immunity occurs through the production of memory cells; secondary exposure results in stronger faster response to previously recognized Ag  Tolerance – immune cells recognize self-antigens & “tolerate” (ignore) them, only going after foreign (no ...
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis

... In Multiple Sclerosis (or "MS") a loss of the nerves' axon coating myelin prohibits the nerve axons from efficiently conducting action and synaptic potentials. Scar tissue (called plaques or lesions) forms at the points where demyelination occurs in the brain and spinal cord, hence the name "Multip ...
Sameer_5
Sameer_5

immune system
immune system

... and differentiates into memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells. The secreted antibodies are specific for the same bacterial antigen that initiated the response. ...
The Lymphatic/Immune System
The Lymphatic/Immune System

... Supressor T cells, turn off antibody production when the infection is gone. ...
Division 2.qxd
Division 2.qxd

... enough small lymphocytes in a day to create a hefty dose of cells, but their function was unknown. It was Gowans who figured out that these small, featureless cells could mount both cellular and humoral immune responses to specific antigens. That is, they were the units of selection in Burnet’s theo ...
The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

...  Pollen grains  Microorganisms Self-antigens  Human cells have many surface proteins  Our immune cells do not attack our own proteins  Our cells in another person’s body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign  Restricts donors for transplants Allergies  Many small molecules ( ...
The Immune System: Video Response Notes Part 1
The Immune System: Video Response Notes Part 1

... 9. What is a major role of dendritic cells in fighting the influenza-B virus? 10. Where are T-cells located? 11. What is the role of the T-cell in fighting infection? ...
Celularni imunski odgovor Aktivacija T limfocita
Celularni imunski odgovor Aktivacija T limfocita

... 2. Signal transduction in T cells is mediated by ...
Targeting FMDV minigenes to SLA II positive cells enhances the induction of cellular responses (...)
Targeting FMDV minigenes to SLA II positive cells enhances the induction of cellular responses (...)

... A control pig (# 5) was inoculated with an irrelevant plasmid. Animals 11 and 12 received one single DNA shot on day 28. 15 days after the last DNA dose animals were needle-challenged with infectious FMDV, then monitored daily for clinical signs of disease. Samples were taken at different time point ...
The immune system may be viewed as one aspect of the lymphatic
The immune system may be viewed as one aspect of the lymphatic

... become functional, in various parts of the body such as thymus and spleen. In Figure 42.2 focus on macrophages and lymphocytes. These cells secrete (i.e. produce and release) cytokines, which serve as chemical signals (molecular communication) among the cells to coordinate the activities of WBC in ...
Bacteria and Viruses C.20 powerpoint
Bacteria and Viruses C.20 powerpoint

... Bacterial conjugation – a hollow bridge forms between two cells and and exchange of genetic material, a plasmid, occurs. This results in a cell with a different genetic genotype. ...
Laboratory Applications of Poultry Lecture and Lab Overview
Laboratory Applications of Poultry Lecture and Lab Overview

... Latex particles sensitized by IgY molecules do not aggregate by means of the rheumatoid factor (as is the case of IgG antibodies). Moreover IgY-latex complexes have higher colloidal stability than IgG at pH 8 (L.DavalosPantoja et al. 2000) IgY antibodies are selectively, in large amounts passed to e ...
Virus and Immunity Webquest
Virus and Immunity Webquest

... View the animation and answer the following questions 1. What is a retrovirus?______________________________________________________ 2. What infamous virus belongs to this class? _____________________________________ ...
31.1 Pathogens and Human Illness
31.1 Pathogens and Human Illness

... – Phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens. – T cells destroy infected cells. – B cells produce antibodies. ...
PP Chapter 21 P I
PP Chapter 21 P I

... viruses to protect other cells which have not been infected. – Stimulate synthesis of PKR protein that interfers with vial replication in healthy cells – Lymphocytes secrete gamma interferon; leukocytes secrete alpha interferon – Also can activate NK cells and macrophages which have anti-cancer capa ...
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic system

... that identify tissues as belonging to the body (the basis of tissue transplant rejection). Once a T cell’s antigen receptor matches up to its specific antigen presented to it by a macrophage (the APC), the T cell becomes activated and secretes cytokines and undergoes clonal ...
October 9, 2014
October 9, 2014

... HIV-specific T-cell functionality. Through in vitro and ex vivo cellular assays, the study demonstrated that antibodies used in combination against CD160 and PD-1, significantly increased HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation. The enhanced immune response observed from this co-targeting strategy r ...
328 Comparative evolutionary analysis of IL6 in lagomorphs F
328 Comparative evolutionary analysis of IL6 in lagomorphs F

... IL6 is involved in the immune response against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus that causes a highly fatal disease in the European rabbit. Previously, IL6 from European rabbit samples belonging to the subspecies Oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus, was shown to differ from the other mammals by extending ...
Vaccine Case Study Answer Key File
Vaccine Case Study Answer Key File

Handout
Handout

... β Cells and Humoral Immunity activated β cells produce antibodies process begins when β cells are exposed to free (extracellular) antigens the β cell becomes activated, divides and differentiates into a many clones -- called plasma cells produce antibodies directed against the specific antigen whic ...
S. mansoni
S. mansoni

... Immunity to bacterial infections is achieved by means of antibody unless the bacterium is capable of intracellular growth, in which case delayed-type hypersensitivity has an important role. Bacteria enter the body either through a number of natural routes (e.g., the respiratory tract, the gastrointe ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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