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Role of Endocytosis in TLR Signaling
Role of Endocytosis in TLR Signaling

A Pattern Matching Algorithm for Codon Optimization and CpG Motif
A Pattern Matching Algorithm for Codon Optimization and CpG Motif

... genes, a range of molecular approaches is being evaluated to up-regulate immune responses generated by DNA vaccines. Co-expression of cytokine genes [20], costimulatory receptors ...
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... Now, remember from the Occam’s Razor, what was unique about Paul Auwaerter was that he claimed on his webpage to have expertise in 2 areas: Lyme and EBV. Curious enough. Auwaerter insists the Cabal is right, and that Lyme is only an autoimmune bad knee and that the post-sepsis Lyme outcome is due to ...
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... glomerular basement membrane (GBM). The spaces between the cytoplasmic foot processes are all called slit pores and they are covered with split pore membranes. This is where filtration is believed to occur. The visceral epithelium is covered with sialoprotein, which is negatively charged and tends t ...
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... HIV belongs to the lentivirus subgroup of retroviruses, which cause "slow" infections with long incubation periods (see Chapter 44). HIV has a bar-shaped (type D) core surrounded by an envelope containing virus-specific glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41) (see Color Plate 31) (Figure 45–1). The genome of ...
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Flow cytometric analysis of CD55 and CD59 expression on blood
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Janeway`s Immunology - Cal State LA
Janeway`s Immunology - Cal State LA

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... nor depletion of B or T cells can explain our model of stress-induced inhibition of host defenses (7, 8). In this study, we further investigated cytotoxic mechanisms that may be involved in stress-altered early host defenses, including LM-induced CD8⫹ T cell expansion, perforin expression, and anti- ...
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... carbon molecules from carbon dioxide • Unlike photoautotrophs, however, they do not require light as a source of energy • Instead, they use energy directly from chemical reactions involving ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, sulfur, or iron • Some chemoautotrophs live deep in the darkness of the o ...
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Janeway`s Immunobiology, 9th Edition Chapter 2: Innate Immunity

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2016 department of medicine research day

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Genetic variation in HLA and susceptibility to acute myeloid

... groove, varying the amino acids that can be housed within the peptide-binding pockets. Thus, different HLA alleles possess different peptide-binding repertoires. HLA class I proteins present peptides from intra-cellular proteins (including invasive viruses) to TCR on CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells leading ...
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... This stimulates gene activation which has biological effects: cytokines stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes ...
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Mycobacterial immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV
Mycobacterial immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV

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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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