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ALEXANDER YAKOBSON, Cicero, the Constitution and the Roman
ALEXANDER YAKOBSON, Cicero, the Constitution and the Roman

... precedent of sorts for the laws that gave legal sanction to autocracy). Specifically, in Caesar’s case, these laws put him at the head of the army that he later used to overthrow the Republic. The strongest link that can be established between the legislative ‘absolutism’ (41) of the popular assembl ...
romanbathpaper - Ross School Senior Projects
romanbathpaper - Ross School Senior Projects

... eateries, even libraries. In the baths even Romans who did not have a lot could bask in the power and luxury of the Empire. The Romans were ruthless and killed thousands in the name of the empire but they also contributed to the world many technological innovations. These ranged from massive buildin ...
Text Commentary Project Vergil, Aeneid: II.771-795
Text Commentary Project Vergil, Aeneid: II.771-795

... heroic characteristics by insisting that he preserve their love for Ascanius, a symbol of the future and of Rome itself. Throughout the epic Aeneas develops “the stoic virtues of patience, resignation, submissiveness to fate, duty, and civic responsibility” (Forbes para 10) as a result of this conve ...
A Companion to Greek Democracy and the
A Companion to Greek Democracy and the

... All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permis ...
Ibid. - meguca.org
Ibid. - meguca.org

... soldiers from the 13th Legion stood massed in the dark. Bitter the night may have been, but they were well used to extremes. For eight years they had been following the governor of Gaul on campaign after bloody campaign, through snow, through summer heat, to the margins of the world. Now, returned f ...
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The Origin of Cornelius Gallus Author(s): Ronald Syme Source: The

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The History of The Decline and Fall of the Roman
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Augustus` Divine Authority and Vergil`s "Aeneid"
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Rogers and Hingley - Gibbon paper
Rogers and Hingley - Gibbon paper

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HIS 201 three - unimaid.edu.ng
HIS 201 three - unimaid.edu.ng

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foundations of western civilization
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Augustus Program and Abstracts
Augustus Program and Abstracts

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Early Roman army

The Early Roman army was deployed by ancient Rome during its Regal Era and into the early Republic around 300 BC, when the so-called ""Polybian"" or manipular legion was introduced.Until c. 550 BC, there was probably no ""national"" Roman army, but a series of clan-based war-bands, which only coalesced into a united force in periods of serious external threat. Around 550 BC, during the period conventionally known as the rule of king Servius Tullius, it appears that a universal levy of eligible adult male citizens was instituted. This development apparently coincided with the introduction of heavy armour for most of the infantry.The early Roman army was based on a compulsory levy from adult male citizens that was held at the start of each campaigning season, in those years that war was declared. There were probably no standing or professional forces. During the Regal Era (to c. 500 BC), the standard levy was probably of 9,000 men, consisting of 6,000 heavily armed infantry (probably Greek-style hoplites), plus 2,400 light-armed infantry (rorarii, later called velites) and 600 light cavalry (equites celeres). When the kings were replaced by two annually-elected praetores in c. 500 BC, the standard levy remained of the same size, but was now divided equally between the Praetors, each commanding one legion of 4,500 men.It is likely that the hoplite element was deployed in a Greek-style phalanx formation in large set-piece battles. However, these were relatively rare, with most fighting consisting of small-scale border-raids and skirmishing. In these, the Romans would fight in their basic tactical unit, the centuria of 100 men. In addition, clan-based forces remained in existence until at least c. 450 BC, although they would operate under the Praetors' authority, at least nominally.In 493 BC, shortly after the establishment of the Roman Republic, Rome concluded a perpetual treaty of military alliance (the foedus Cassianum), with the combined other Latin city-states. The treaty, probably motivated by the need for the Latins to deploy a united defence against incursions by neighbouring hill-tribes, provided for each party to provide an equal force for campaigns under unified command. It remained in force until 358 BC.
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