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Regulation of Ribosome Biogenesis by the Rapamycin
... homology to a novel family of PI-3 kinase–related kinases, whose members include Mec1, Rad3, and DNA-dependent protein kinase, and is essential for p70s6k activity (Thomas and Hall, 1997). The TOR pathway also controls general translational initiation via a separate branch that is independent from p ...
... homology to a novel family of PI-3 kinase–related kinases, whose members include Mec1, Rad3, and DNA-dependent protein kinase, and is essential for p70s6k activity (Thomas and Hall, 1997). The TOR pathway also controls general translational initiation via a separate branch that is independent from p ...
The making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation
... hormone (α-MSH). When α-MSH binds to MC1R, MC1R changes its shape, and its intracellular portion binds inactive G protein. The G protein becomes activated by this process and triggers the first step in the transduction pathway. Transduction is a series of intracellular reactions that convert the sig ...
... hormone (α-MSH). When α-MSH binds to MC1R, MC1R changes its shape, and its intracellular portion binds inactive G protein. The G protein becomes activated by this process and triggers the first step in the transduction pathway. Transduction is a series of intracellular reactions that convert the sig ...
Full Text - Genes | Genomes | Genetics
... to provide the blood–brain barrier in the nervous system, and to provide an important line of defense against invading pathogens. More than 20 genes have been identified to function in the establishment or maintenance of SJs in Drosophila melanogaster. Numerous studies have demonstrated the cell biol ...
... to provide the blood–brain barrier in the nervous system, and to provide an important line of defense against invading pathogens. More than 20 genes have been identified to function in the establishment or maintenance of SJs in Drosophila melanogaster. Numerous studies have demonstrated the cell biol ...
lac
... natural selection favoring the ability to switch genes on and off. • Complex multicellular organisms are produced by cells that switch genes on and off during development. • A typical human cell normally expresses about 3% to 5% of its genes at any given time. • Cancer results from genes that do not ...
... natural selection favoring the ability to switch genes on and off. • Complex multicellular organisms are produced by cells that switch genes on and off during development. • A typical human cell normally expresses about 3% to 5% of its genes at any given time. • Cancer results from genes that do not ...
Power Point
... Promoters of the GAL7, GAL10 and GAL1 genes contain multiple binding sites for the Gal4p transcriptional activator ...
... Promoters of the GAL7, GAL10 and GAL1 genes contain multiple binding sites for the Gal4p transcriptional activator ...
Oxidative Stress: Antagonistic Signaling for
... Straus et al., 2010). However, at some point, the spread of lesions is contained and the signaling changes to produce a response that pushes the cell into defense mode. This raises the threshold beyond which cell death can occur and instead triggers resistance or acclimation. This signaling is assoc ...
... Straus et al., 2010). However, at some point, the spread of lesions is contained and the signaling changes to produce a response that pushes the cell into defense mode. This raises the threshold beyond which cell death can occur and instead triggers resistance or acclimation. This signaling is assoc ...
Notch Activation of Notch2 Selected Mesenchymal Stem Cells
... studied with great interest due to their therapeutic potential for treating skeletal disease and facilitating skeletal repair, although maintaining their multipotency and expanding this heterogeneous group of cells ex vivo has proven to be very difficult limiting their use in clinical settings. Rece ...
... studied with great interest due to their therapeutic potential for treating skeletal disease and facilitating skeletal repair, although maintaining their multipotency and expanding this heterogeneous group of cells ex vivo has proven to be very difficult limiting their use in clinical settings. Rece ...
Identification of a novel human ... through its interaction with the ...
... verified by Western blot analysis with antibodies directed against the Flag epitope or the Gal4 DNA-BD. The recipient strain was then grown to mid-log phase and a human liver cDNA library in the vector pACT2 (Clontech) introduced using the LiAc procedure (22). Transformants were selected for tryptop ...
... verified by Western blot analysis with antibodies directed against the Flag epitope or the Gal4 DNA-BD. The recipient strain was then grown to mid-log phase and a human liver cDNA library in the vector pACT2 (Clontech) introduced using the LiAc procedure (22). Transformants were selected for tryptop ...
as Adobe PDF - Edinburgh Research Explorer
... non-covalently attached to the cytokine polypeptide thereby retaining it in inactive form. Prior to secretion from a cell, the LAP-TGF-b complex binds to a further protein, latent TGF-b binding protein (LTBP). Because TGF-b is secreted in this way, as a component of a biologically inactive compound, ...
... non-covalently attached to the cytokine polypeptide thereby retaining it in inactive form. Prior to secretion from a cell, the LAP-TGF-b complex binds to a further protein, latent TGF-b binding protein (LTBP). Because TGF-b is secreted in this way, as a component of a biologically inactive compound, ...
The control of gene expression
... CAP (catabolite activator protein) = a protein that binds within an operon’s promoter region and enhances the promoter’s affinity for RNA polymerase. It is necessary for the normal expression of the lac operon (Even if allolactose is present to inactivate the repressor, transcription proceeds slow ...
... CAP (catabolite activator protein) = a protein that binds within an operon’s promoter region and enhances the promoter’s affinity for RNA polymerase. It is necessary for the normal expression of the lac operon (Even if allolactose is present to inactivate the repressor, transcription proceeds slow ...
Transforming Growth Factor-Яs and Vascular Disorders
... type I and II receptor complexes activating Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signals, which regulate proliferation, differentiation, and survival. They are potent regulators of vascular development and vessel remodeling and play key roles in atherosclerosis and restenosis, regulating endothelial, ...
... type I and II receptor complexes activating Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signals, which regulate proliferation, differentiation, and survival. They are potent regulators of vascular development and vessel remodeling and play key roles in atherosclerosis and restenosis, regulating endothelial, ...
Steroid signaling in plants and insects—common themes, different
... through the regulation of at least some of the BR biosynthetic genes. At least one regulatory gene involved in this feedback control, BZR1, has been identified, and is discussed in greater detail below (Wang et al. 2002). Metabolic inactivation through modification is another important mechanism in ...
... through the regulation of at least some of the BR biosynthetic genes. At least one regulatory gene involved in this feedback control, BZR1, has been identified, and is discussed in greater detail below (Wang et al. 2002). Metabolic inactivation through modification is another important mechanism in ...
development. A G-protein beta-subunit is essential for Dictyostelium
... and Van Haastert 1992). Most of these components are expressed transiently at different times in development. Targeted gene disruptions by homologous recombination have shown that a surface cAMP receptor (cAR1), a G-protein ot-subunit (GoL2), and an adenylyl cyclase (ACA) play essential roles in ear ...
... and Van Haastert 1992). Most of these components are expressed transiently at different times in development. Targeted gene disruptions by homologous recombination have shown that a surface cAMP receptor (cAR1), a G-protein ot-subunit (GoL2), and an adenylyl cyclase (ACA) play essential roles in ear ...
Mislocalization and inhibition of acetyl
... IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2). The molecular target of this benzochromene derivative is MFP-2 (multifunctional protein 2). The interaction between chromeceptin and MFP-2 activates STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6), which subsequently induces IGF inhibitory genes. It wa ...
... IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2). The molecular target of this benzochromene derivative is MFP-2 (multifunctional protein 2). The interaction between chromeceptin and MFP-2 activates STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6), which subsequently induces IGF inhibitory genes. It wa ...
Title Molecular Pathways: The Role of Primary Cilia in Cancer
... into repressor (with the exception of Gli1) and activator forms in the absence and presence of Hh, respectively. Loss of cilia mutations results in abnormal processing of both the repressor and activator forms of Gli proteins suggesting that both are dependent on cilia. In the absence of Hh, the Hh ...
... into repressor (with the exception of Gli1) and activator forms in the absence and presence of Hh, respectively. Loss of cilia mutations results in abnormal processing of both the repressor and activator forms of Gli proteins suggesting that both are dependent on cilia. In the absence of Hh, the Hh ...
Hedgehog and Dpp signaling induce cadherin Cad86C expression
... the morphogenetic furrow. (B) An eye imaginal disc of a homozygous mutant Cad86C184A/184A larva hybridized with a Cad86Cspecific RNA probe. Little or no hybridization signal is detected. (C) A control eye imaginal disc stained with an affinity purified anti-Cad86C antibody (MO881). Strong immunoreac ...
... the morphogenetic furrow. (B) An eye imaginal disc of a homozygous mutant Cad86C184A/184A larva hybridized with a Cad86Cspecific RNA probe. Little or no hybridization signal is detected. (C) A control eye imaginal disc stained with an affinity purified anti-Cad86C antibody (MO881). Strong immunoreac ...
12079_2017_389_MOESM1_ESM
... SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 7. Figure 5 from the main text but without error bars. Cellular proliferation of (A) MDA-MB-231 and (B) 184A1L5 cells over 7-day duration when Akt was inhibited alone or together with other proteins. Plots show the proliferation profiles when no protein was inhibited (solid bla ...
... SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 7. Figure 5 from the main text but without error bars. Cellular proliferation of (A) MDA-MB-231 and (B) 184A1L5 cells over 7-day duration when Akt was inhibited alone or together with other proteins. Plots show the proliferation profiles when no protein was inhibited (solid bla ...
FRET Results Conclusions Introduction Protein Interaction
... •We demonstrate FRET between CFP-SUMO1 and YFP-Ubc9 arising from the binding of Ubc9 to SUMO1. This interaction clearly brings YFP and CFP into the proximity required for energy transfer, and the resulting FRET signal is proportional to the amount of protein bound. Not only can we confirm previous w ...
... •We demonstrate FRET between CFP-SUMO1 and YFP-Ubc9 arising from the binding of Ubc9 to SUMO1. This interaction clearly brings YFP and CFP into the proximity required for energy transfer, and the resulting FRET signal is proportional to the amount of protein bound. Not only can we confirm previous w ...
Rabphilin mutants defective for Rab3 binding
... with the GTP-bound form of the small GTPase Rab3A (Shiritaki et al., 1993; McKiernan et al., 1993). The amino acid sequence of the protein defines three regions (Kishida et al., 1993). The N-terminal region contains the Rab3 binding domain (amino acids 45 to 170) that includes a cysteine-rich sequen ...
... with the GTP-bound form of the small GTPase Rab3A (Shiritaki et al., 1993; McKiernan et al., 1993). The amino acid sequence of the protein defines three regions (Kishida et al., 1993). The N-terminal region contains the Rab3 binding domain (amino acids 45 to 170) that includes a cysteine-rich sequen ...
The Plastidial 2-C-Methyl-D-Erythritol 4-Phosphate
... Ziegelhoffer et al., 2000). Both farnesylated and geranylgeranylated proteins are involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. The existence of farnesylated negative regulators of ABA signaling is inferred from the ABA hypersensitive phenotype of ENHANCED RESPONSE TO ABA1 (ERA1) mutants of Arabidopsis ...
... Ziegelhoffer et al., 2000). Both farnesylated and geranylgeranylated proteins are involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. The existence of farnesylated negative regulators of ABA signaling is inferred from the ABA hypersensitive phenotype of ENHANCED RESPONSE TO ABA1 (ERA1) mutants of Arabidopsis ...
African Swine fever virus immune evasion genes
... production of interferon. In addition the OUR T88/3 isolate has interruptions in genes encoding the CD2v and lectin-like protein. These proteins have roles in impairing the function of T lymphocytes and in preventing cell death as well as in binding of virus particles and infected cells to red blood ...
... production of interferon. In addition the OUR T88/3 isolate has interruptions in genes encoding the CD2v and lectin-like protein. These proteins have roles in impairing the function of T lymphocytes and in preventing cell death as well as in binding of virus particles and infected cells to red blood ...
PDF
... obsoleta and Bithynia tentaculata, suggest additional predictions for where such determinants should be localized in such organisms (Clement 1952; van Dam et al. 1982). To date, no molecules with these predicted patterns of localization are known in any spiralian. Flies develop segments by making us ...
... obsoleta and Bithynia tentaculata, suggest additional predictions for where such determinants should be localized in such organisms (Clement 1952; van Dam et al. 1982). To date, no molecules with these predicted patterns of localization are known in any spiralian. Flies develop segments by making us ...
for? of Immune Homeostasis: Molecules to Die FOXO Transcription
... the studies outlined above, the importance of PKB has only recently been investigated. In transgenic mice that express a constitutively active variant of PKB (gagPKB) specifically in T cells, lymphocytic infiltration was observed in several organs, and mature T cells were resistant to Fas-induced ap ...
... the studies outlined above, the importance of PKB has only recently been investigated. In transgenic mice that express a constitutively active variant of PKB (gagPKB) specifically in T cells, lymphocytic infiltration was observed in several organs, and mature T cells were resistant to Fas-induced ap ...
The Poxvirus Protein A52R Targets Toll
... TAB2 (27). A52R was coexpressed with either TAK1 or TAB1 to determine if it associates with either of these downstream mediators of TRAF6 signaling. A weak but reproducible interaction was detected between A52R and TAK1 (Fig. 2 F, lane 6). No interaction was detectable between A52R and TAB1 (unpubli ...
... TAB2 (27). A52R was coexpressed with either TAK1 or TAB1 to determine if it associates with either of these downstream mediators of TRAF6 signaling. A weak but reproducible interaction was detected between A52R and TAK1 (Fig. 2 F, lane 6). No interaction was detectable between A52R and TAB1 (unpubli ...
Full-Text PDF
... The vertebrate hhs were discovered in the early 1990s [44], and SHH rapidly became the centre of attention due to its potential role as a morphogen, a patterning factor that is released from tissues with polarising activity (‘organiser’ regions) and that is able to induce multiple cell fates in a do ...
... The vertebrate hhs were discovered in the early 1990s [44], and SHH rapidly became the centre of attention due to its potential role as a morphogen, a patterning factor that is released from tissues with polarising activity (‘organiser’ regions) and that is able to induce multiple cell fates in a do ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Denticlebands.png?width=300)
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.