Cellular programs for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
... from the roots of phosphate-deprived plants [7], activate AM fungal metabolism and this results in hyphal branching in proximity to the root [8,9]. Following contact with the root surface, the fungus forms a hyphopodium through which it penetrates the epidermis. Entry into the epidermal cell and su ...
... from the roots of phosphate-deprived plants [7], activate AM fungal metabolism and this results in hyphal branching in proximity to the root [8,9]. Following contact with the root surface, the fungus forms a hyphopodium through which it penetrates the epidermis. Entry into the epidermal cell and su ...
Disruption of CEP290 microtubule/membrane-binding domains
... Upon exit from the cell cycle and entry into G0, nearly every human cell sequesters its centrosome in a structure known as the primary cilium (1). Until recently, the functional role of the primary cilium, a single antenna-like projection of the apical membrane, had not been well studied or apprecia ...
... Upon exit from the cell cycle and entry into G0, nearly every human cell sequesters its centrosome in a structure known as the primary cilium (1). Until recently, the functional role of the primary cilium, a single antenna-like projection of the apical membrane, had not been well studied or apprecia ...
Chapter 9 - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
... body, many endocrine cells are located in endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland.) These types of signals usually produce a slower response but have a longerlasting effect. The ligands released in endocrine signaling are called hormones, signaling mole ...
... body, many endocrine cells are located in endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland.) These types of signals usually produce a slower response but have a longerlasting effect. The ligands released in endocrine signaling are called hormones, signaling mole ...
the cortical rotation, the wnt pathway
... long chains of sulphated sugars. The cell surface is covered in HSPGs that act as an “extracellular fly paper” that concentrates ligands at the cell surface. Glypicans are HSPGs attached to the external cell membrane via a GPI (glycosyl phosphatidylinositol) linkage. Drosophila mutants lacking dally ...
... long chains of sulphated sugars. The cell surface is covered in HSPGs that act as an “extracellular fly paper” that concentrates ligands at the cell surface. Glypicans are HSPGs attached to the external cell membrane via a GPI (glycosyl phosphatidylinositol) linkage. Drosophila mutants lacking dally ...
Expression and Purification of Functional Ligand
... To quantify the interaction of sweet ligands with the NTD of T1Rs, it was necessary to design an expression and purification protocol that would permit the isolation of purified, soluble T1R NTD proteins in sufficient quantities for biochemical studies. We took advantage of two bacterial expression ...
... To quantify the interaction of sweet ligands with the NTD of T1Rs, it was necessary to design an expression and purification protocol that would permit the isolation of purified, soluble T1R NTD proteins in sufficient quantities for biochemical studies. We took advantage of two bacterial expression ...
IMPROVEMENT OF hGM-CSF EXPRESSION USING A FUSION
... ing conditions to break the disulfide bonds.'6 In the present investigation the h GM-CSF gene was cloned and expressed in different systems to improve the expression of this cytokine. The schematic presen tations of the constructs are shown in Fig. 1. A promoter can have fundamental impact on the q ...
... ing conditions to break the disulfide bonds.'6 In the present investigation the h GM-CSF gene was cloned and expressed in different systems to improve the expression of this cytokine. The schematic presen tations of the constructs are shown in Fig. 1. A promoter can have fundamental impact on the q ...
Tyrosine kinase receptor-activated signal transduction
... intracellular signaling pathways. Grb2 and Shc (not shown) associate with activated receptors and participate in the activation of Ras, a small molecular weight GTP binding protein that functions upstream of sequential protein kinases of the MAPK pathway. Activation of MAPK is necessary for cellular ...
... intracellular signaling pathways. Grb2 and Shc (not shown) associate with activated receptors and participate in the activation of Ras, a small molecular weight GTP binding protein that functions upstream of sequential protein kinases of the MAPK pathway. Activation of MAPK is necessary for cellular ...
IDEXX Urine Sediment Guide
... because of false-positive and false-negative results. The majority of bacterial infections in dogs and cats are not caused by organisms that reduce nitrate to nitrite. pH: Urine pH is determined by the kidney’s ability to regulate hydrogen ion and bicarbonate concentrations within the blood. Urine p ...
... because of false-positive and false-negative results. The majority of bacterial infections in dogs and cats are not caused by organisms that reduce nitrate to nitrite. pH: Urine pH is determined by the kidney’s ability to regulate hydrogen ion and bicarbonate concentrations within the blood. Urine p ...
Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA
... contains a PAZ domain (see Supplementary Information)19,20. This sequence was de®ned on the basis of its conservation in the Zwille/ARGONAUTE/Piwi family that has been implicated in RNAi by mutations in C. elegans (Rde-1)9 and Neurospora (Qde-2)10. Although the function of this domain is unknown, it ...
... contains a PAZ domain (see Supplementary Information)19,20. This sequence was de®ned on the basis of its conservation in the Zwille/ARGONAUTE/Piwi family that has been implicated in RNAi by mutations in C. elegans (Rde-1)9 and Neurospora (Qde-2)10. Although the function of this domain is unknown, it ...
Derived copy of Bis2A 14.1 Bacterial Gene
... • Explain the roles of activators, inducers, and repressors in gene regulation The DNA of bacteria and archaea is usually (there are a few known exceptions to the circular chromosome in bacteria) organized into a circular chromosome supercoiled in the nucleoid region of the cell cytoplasm. Proteins ...
... • Explain the roles of activators, inducers, and repressors in gene regulation The DNA of bacteria and archaea is usually (there are a few known exceptions to the circular chromosome in bacteria) organized into a circular chromosome supercoiled in the nucleoid region of the cell cytoplasm. Proteins ...
The ts111 Mutation of Paramecium tetraurelia Affects a
... at 35 o C induces disassembly of the infraciliary lattice (ICL). In this study, we found that the ts111 mutation also results in significant abnormalities in the number and structure of contractile vacuole complexes (CVCs) and in their functioning at the restrictive temperature. In order to characte ...
... at 35 o C induces disassembly of the infraciliary lattice (ICL). In this study, we found that the ts111 mutation also results in significant abnormalities in the number and structure of contractile vacuole complexes (CVCs) and in their functioning at the restrictive temperature. In order to characte ...
Transcriptional activation by the Antennapedia and fushi tarazu proteins in cultured Drosophila cells. Cell 57, 1017-30. pdf
... sites (Figure 4a; Saari and Bienz, 1987; Kornfeld et al., 1989). Upon treatment with RNAase A and RNAase T,, a protected fragment is observed (Figure 4b, lane 4) with the size predicted for an mRNA transcript initiating at the previously mapped embryonic Ubx start sites (Saari and Bienz, 1987; Kornf ...
... sites (Figure 4a; Saari and Bienz, 1987; Kornfeld et al., 1989). Upon treatment with RNAase A and RNAase T,, a protected fragment is observed (Figure 4b, lane 4) with the size predicted for an mRNA transcript initiating at the previously mapped embryonic Ubx start sites (Saari and Bienz, 1987; Kornf ...
Making inroads into plant receptor kinase signalling pathways
... This observation supports the idea that the wide diversification of plant receptors is associated with a high degree of specialization, one receptor potentially regulating a single developmental process. However, the possibility that one receptor might have a dual recognition function cannot be rule ...
... This observation supports the idea that the wide diversification of plant receptors is associated with a high degree of specialization, one receptor potentially regulating a single developmental process. However, the possibility that one receptor might have a dual recognition function cannot be rule ...
Article en format PDF - Université de Montréal
... β-Lactamase also has the desirable features of enzymatic amplification and facile in vivo and in vitro assays. Finally, we can take advantage of the versatile fluorescent β-lactamase substrate, CCF2/AM, which allows ratiometric fluorescence detection and thus superior reproducibility and quantificat ...
... β-Lactamase also has the desirable features of enzymatic amplification and facile in vivo and in vitro assays. Finally, we can take advantage of the versatile fluorescent β-lactamase substrate, CCF2/AM, which allows ratiometric fluorescence detection and thus superior reproducibility and quantificat ...
Pdf - MFPL
... Not only is the molecular and developmental biology of the sea urchin embryo well known (1, 10–12), but dozens of developmentally regulated genes have been cloned, the overall embryonic expression patterns are well described, and the genome has been at least somewhat characterized (13–15). A large c ...
... Not only is the molecular and developmental biology of the sea urchin embryo well known (1, 10–12), but dozens of developmentally regulated genes have been cloned, the overall embryonic expression patterns are well described, and the genome has been at least somewhat characterized (13–15). A large c ...
Molecular Biology of the Cell
... Marker for apoptosis Signal to neighboring cells, macrophages (“Eat me” signal) ...
... Marker for apoptosis Signal to neighboring cells, macrophages (“Eat me” signal) ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... specific for NodI protein. Subcellular localization of NodI protein. To determine the subcellular location of NodI protein in R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, wild-type cells were disrupted by using a French press and various cell fractions were isolated by methods used routinely in our laboratory (6). ...
... specific for NodI protein. Subcellular localization of NodI protein. To determine the subcellular location of NodI protein in R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, wild-type cells were disrupted by using a French press and various cell fractions were isolated by methods used routinely in our laboratory (6). ...
Alfy, a novel FYVE-domain-containing protein associated with
... been found to bind to PtdIns(3)P, although a few examples that lack one or more consensus residues bind with lower affinity and also show some affinity for the structurally related phosphoinositide PtdIns(5)P (Sankaran et al., 2001). The Phox-homology (PX) domain is a ~100-residue β-sandwich ...
... been found to bind to PtdIns(3)P, although a few examples that lack one or more consensus residues bind with lower affinity and also show some affinity for the structurally related phosphoinositide PtdIns(5)P (Sankaran et al., 2001). The Phox-homology (PX) domain is a ~100-residue β-sandwich ...
A Gain-of-Function Suppressor Screen for Genes
... the activity of the Ap protein is reduced in a Bx1 background, its target genes are not expressed at appropriate levels, and the activation of Notch at the DV boundary and the formation of the adult wing margin are compromised (Figure 2B). Activation of the Notch signaling pathway by means of a gain ...
... the activity of the Ap protein is reduced in a Bx1 background, its target genes are not expressed at appropriate levels, and the activation of Notch at the DV boundary and the formation of the adult wing margin are compromised (Figure 2B). Activation of the Notch signaling pathway by means of a gain ...
fibulins: a versatile family of extracellular matrix proteins
... and their associations with different tissue compartments as an initial approach to understanding their biological role. Information regarding the tissue deposition of all of the fibulin isoforms has been obtained using northern blots, in situ hybridization and immunohistology. The resulting data ar ...
... and their associations with different tissue compartments as an initial approach to understanding their biological role. Information regarding the tissue deposition of all of the fibulin isoforms has been obtained using northern blots, in situ hybridization and immunohistology. The resulting data ar ...
A Series of Ubiquitin Binding Factors Connects CDC48/p97 to
... UFD1 and NPL4 as cofactors, we investigated their relationship to UFD2. Notably, binding of UFD2 to CDC48 in vivo was reduced both in ufd1-2 and npl4-1 temperature-sensitive mutants (Figure 2A), suggesting that UFD2-CDC48 interaction is stimulated by the UFD1/ NPL4 cofactors. CDC48 can interact with ...
... UFD1 and NPL4 as cofactors, we investigated their relationship to UFD2. Notably, binding of UFD2 to CDC48 in vivo was reduced both in ufd1-2 and npl4-1 temperature-sensitive mutants (Figure 2A), suggesting that UFD2-CDC48 interaction is stimulated by the UFD1/ NPL4 cofactors. CDC48 can interact with ...
Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action
... the cell nucleus, independent of the presence of ligand24–26. These two receptor isoforms have the first 727 amino acids in common, and thus, both possess the transactivation and the DNA-binding domains. GRβ is identical to GRα through the first 727 amino acids, but differs from GRα only in its C-te ...
... the cell nucleus, independent of the presence of ligand24–26. These two receptor isoforms have the first 727 amino acids in common, and thus, both possess the transactivation and the DNA-binding domains. GRβ is identical to GRα through the first 727 amino acids, but differs from GRα only in its C-te ...
Dm1-MMP, a Matrix Metalloproteinase from Drosophila with a
... the connective tissue remodeling occurring in normal processes in vertebrates, such as embryonic development, bone growth, angiogenesis, wound healing, and limb regeneration (2, 3). In addition, abnormal expression of these enzymes may contribute to a variety of pathological processes including athe ...
... the connective tissue remodeling occurring in normal processes in vertebrates, such as embryonic development, bone growth, angiogenesis, wound healing, and limb regeneration (2, 3). In addition, abnormal expression of these enzymes may contribute to a variety of pathological processes including athe ...
biokey-doc-en.
... For aesthetics, I recommend that text before \T should not end with dot (with the exception of abbreviations). \T and \TT are just the same thing, but second is better to designate names, and first is better for numbers. Sometimes, these two commands cannot format the paragraph without overfulls, in ...
... For aesthetics, I recommend that text before \T should not end with dot (with the exception of abbreviations). \T and \TT are just the same thing, but second is better to designate names, and first is better for numbers. Sometimes, these two commands cannot format the paragraph without overfulls, in ...
Function of the ubiquitin–proteosome pathway in auxin response
... of an SCF complex9. This hypothesis is supported by recent results that demonstrate binding between TIR1 and two SKP1 homologs, Arabidopsis SKP 1-LIKE [ASK1; also known as ATskp1 (Ref. 16)] and ASK2. These interactions were first demonstrated in a yeast two-hybrid test and later confirmed by immunop ...
... of an SCF complex9. This hypothesis is supported by recent results that demonstrate binding between TIR1 and two SKP1 homologs, Arabidopsis SKP 1-LIKE [ASK1; also known as ATskp1 (Ref. 16)] and ASK2. These interactions were first demonstrated in a yeast two-hybrid test and later confirmed by immunop ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.