Deficient FGF signaling causes optic nerve
... cause ocular coloboma and optic nerve dysgenesis, leading to childhood blindness (Gregory-Evans et al., 2004; Chang et al., 2006). Multiple signaling pathways have been implicated in ocular coloboma and optic nerve hypoplasia. Early midline-derived Shh governs the proximal-distal patterning of optic ...
... cause ocular coloboma and optic nerve dysgenesis, leading to childhood blindness (Gregory-Evans et al., 2004; Chang et al., 2006). Multiple signaling pathways have been implicated in ocular coloboma and optic nerve hypoplasia. Early midline-derived Shh governs the proximal-distal patterning of optic ...
With No Lysine (WNK) Family Proteins and Their
... in β strand 3 conserved in all other functional kinase domains, the WNKs contain a cysteine. An alternate lysine in β strand 2 functions in its place. The four mammalian genes of the WNK family code for long proteins, 1200 to 2400 amino acids in length. However, outside of the kinase domain, there a ...
... in β strand 3 conserved in all other functional kinase domains, the WNKs contain a cysteine. An alternate lysine in β strand 2 functions in its place. The four mammalian genes of the WNK family code for long proteins, 1200 to 2400 amino acids in length. However, outside of the kinase domain, there a ...
Sanguinarine (Pseudochelerythrine) Is a Potent Inhibitor of NF
... drug development. In the present report we show that sanguinarine (a benzophenanthridine alkaloid), a known anti-inflammatory agent, is a potent inhibitor of NF-kB activation. Treatment of human myeloid ML-1a cells with tumor necrosis factor rapidly activated NFkB, this activation was completely sup ...
... drug development. In the present report we show that sanguinarine (a benzophenanthridine alkaloid), a known anti-inflammatory agent, is a potent inhibitor of NF-kB activation. Treatment of human myeloid ML-1a cells with tumor necrosis factor rapidly activated NFkB, this activation was completely sup ...
A heritable switch in carbon source utilization driven
... Dssa1Dssa2 meiotic products lost the ability to grow on glycerol in the presence of glucosamine (Fig. 1F). Was this due to curing of the [GAR+] genetic element, or did the Dssa1Dssa2 mutations simply mask the phenotype? To test this, we restored SSA1 and SSA2 to the glucosaminesensitive Dssa1Dssa2 p ...
... Dssa1Dssa2 meiotic products lost the ability to grow on glycerol in the presence of glucosamine (Fig. 1F). Was this due to curing of the [GAR+] genetic element, or did the Dssa1Dssa2 mutations simply mask the phenotype? To test this, we restored SSA1 and SSA2 to the glucosaminesensitive Dssa1Dssa2 p ...
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... homologs that lack binding sites for PP1, which indicates that these sites were acquired later in evolution by proteins with an originally unrelated function. Some PP1 interactors appear to have evolved late in the evolution of a particular eukaryotic lineage, as no homologs can be identified in oth ...
... homologs that lack binding sites for PP1, which indicates that these sites were acquired later in evolution by proteins with an originally unrelated function. Some PP1 interactors appear to have evolved late in the evolution of a particular eukaryotic lineage, as no homologs can be identified in oth ...
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... kinases, including Akt in response to insulin signaling and AMPK in response to AMP/ATP levels. Downstream of TOR, the protein kinases Atg1 and S6K have important roles in autophagy, but the relevant substrates of these kinases have not been determined (Kamada et al., 2000; Scott et al., 2004). In a ...
... kinases, including Akt in response to insulin signaling and AMPK in response to AMP/ATP levels. Downstream of TOR, the protein kinases Atg1 and S6K have important roles in autophagy, but the relevant substrates of these kinases have not been determined (Kamada et al., 2000; Scott et al., 2004). In a ...
TEF30 interacts with photosystem II monomers and is involved in the
... fractions of Chlamydomonas cells that had been shifted from 41 to 145 µmol photons m- ...
... fractions of Chlamydomonas cells that had been shifted from 41 to 145 µmol photons m- ...
The Presynaptic Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Physiological and
... glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). Such phosphorylation induces Futsch detachment from MTs, which is ultimately linked to the disassembly of the presynaptic MT cytoskeleton (Franco, 2004; Gögel et al., 2006). This molecular pathway is proposed to be dependent on wingless (Wg), the Drosophila ortho ...
... glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). Such phosphorylation induces Futsch detachment from MTs, which is ultimately linked to the disassembly of the presynaptic MT cytoskeleton (Franco, 2004; Gögel et al., 2006). This molecular pathway is proposed to be dependent on wingless (Wg), the Drosophila ortho ...
THE ROLE OF NODAL SIGNALING IN PATTERNING THE
... During embryonic development, a single cell generates the diverse array of cell types that comprise the adult body plan. Cells differentiate according to their position in the embryo in a highly reproducible fashion. Patterning is fundamental to establishing the spatial organization of the developin ...
... During embryonic development, a single cell generates the diverse array of cell types that comprise the adult body plan. Cells differentiate according to their position in the embryo in a highly reproducible fashion. Patterning is fundamental to establishing the spatial organization of the developin ...
Ca signaling and early embryonic patterning during zebrafish
... 4. The potential down-stream targets of these Ca2+ transients are also discussed as well as how they might integrate with other pattern-forming signaling pathways, known to modulate early developmental events. Introduction There is an accumulating body of evidence to suggest that Ca2+ signaling play ...
... 4. The potential down-stream targets of these Ca2+ transients are also discussed as well as how they might integrate with other pattern-forming signaling pathways, known to modulate early developmental events. Introduction There is an accumulating body of evidence to suggest that Ca2+ signaling play ...
Neural induction requires continued suppression of
... experiments, we detected similar or more efficient inhibition of epidermal keratin by VP16-Msx1 (21/21 and 19/20 XK70 negative in VP16-Msx1- and Ski-expressing embryos, respectively), suggesting that both molecules function equally well to block BMPmediated epidermal formation. Another explanation i ...
... experiments, we detected similar or more efficient inhibition of epidermal keratin by VP16-Msx1 (21/21 and 19/20 XK70 negative in VP16-Msx1- and Ski-expressing embryos, respectively), suggesting that both molecules function equally well to block BMPmediated epidermal formation. Another explanation i ...
Two lineage boundaries coordinate vertebrate apical ectodermal
... double transgenic limb buds as early as stage 1 (E9.5) in the ventral ectoderm and pre-AER. Prior to stage 4 (11.5 dpc), En1Cki;R26R double transgenic embryos expressed lacZ in the ventral ectoderm and specifically within only the ventral portion of the AER (Fig. 1F,G). Because lacZ marks all cells ...
... double transgenic limb buds as early as stage 1 (E9.5) in the ventral ectoderm and pre-AER. Prior to stage 4 (11.5 dpc), En1Cki;R26R double transgenic embryos expressed lacZ in the ventral ectoderm and specifically within only the ventral portion of the AER (Fig. 1F,G). Because lacZ marks all cells ...
RXR Ligands Negatively Regulate Thrombosis and Hemostasis
... Objective—Platelets have been found to express intracellular nuclear receptors including the retinoid X receptors (RXRα and RXRβ). Treatment of platelets with ligands of RXR has been shown to inhibit platelet responses to ADP and thromboxane A2; however, the effects on responses to other platelet ag ...
... Objective—Platelets have been found to express intracellular nuclear receptors including the retinoid X receptors (RXRα and RXRβ). Treatment of platelets with ligands of RXR has been shown to inhibit platelet responses to ADP and thromboxane A2; however, the effects on responses to other platelet ag ...
The Drosophila Sec7 domain guanine nucleotide exchange factor
... GDP–GTP nucleotide exchange reaction leads to constitutive Golgi localization, suggesting that Garz cycles in a GEF-activitydependent manner between cytoplasmic and Golgi-membrane-localized pools. The related human ARF-GEF protein GBF1 can substitute for garz function in Drosophila tracheal cells, i ...
... GDP–GTP nucleotide exchange reaction leads to constitutive Golgi localization, suggesting that Garz cycles in a GEF-activitydependent manner between cytoplasmic and Golgi-membrane-localized pools. The related human ARF-GEF protein GBF1 can substitute for garz function in Drosophila tracheal cells, i ...
The SOX9 upstream region prone to chromosomal aberrations
... existing in strategies available to prevent and treat these diseases. Post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms undoubtedly participate in modulating SOX9 protein level and activity, but above that, it is clear that transcription is a first and critical level of regulation of SOX9 (6). ...
... existing in strategies available to prevent and treat these diseases. Post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms undoubtedly participate in modulating SOX9 protein level and activity, but above that, it is clear that transcription is a first and critical level of regulation of SOX9 (6). ...
Regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis
... interactions (Choi et al., 2011; Argueso et al., 2012; Hann et al., 2013). It has been reported that CK stimulates the plant defense response to Pst DC3000 bacteria through the Arabidopsis type-B RESPONSE REGULATOR2 (ARR2), which acts downstream of the CK receptor HISTIDINE KINASE3 (AHK3) in phospho ...
... interactions (Choi et al., 2011; Argueso et al., 2012; Hann et al., 2013). It has been reported that CK stimulates the plant defense response to Pst DC3000 bacteria through the Arabidopsis type-B RESPONSE REGULATOR2 (ARR2), which acts downstream of the CK receptor HISTIDINE KINASE3 (AHK3) in phospho ...
The Role Of The Planar Cell Polarity Pathway In The Second Heart
... Outflow Tract (OFT) malformations underlie a majority of congenital heart defects (CHD) in humans and are a leading cause of childhood mortality. The OFT, which gives rise to the aorta and pulmonary artery of the heart, relies on the contribution of the Second Heart Field (SHF) progenitors in the ph ...
... Outflow Tract (OFT) malformations underlie a majority of congenital heart defects (CHD) in humans and are a leading cause of childhood mortality. The OFT, which gives rise to the aorta and pulmonary artery of the heart, relies on the contribution of the Second Heart Field (SHF) progenitors in the ph ...
Nitric oxide cell signaling: S-nitrosation of Ras superfamily GTPases
... investigators speculated that H-Ras was inactivated under these conditions by nitrosation of C-terminal cysteines in Ras, which caused enhanced palmitoyl turnover and reduced association of Ras with membranes [89]. Moreover, it has been suggested that vascular smooth-muscle cells treated with NO don ...
... investigators speculated that H-Ras was inactivated under these conditions by nitrosation of C-terminal cysteines in Ras, which caused enhanced palmitoyl turnover and reduced association of Ras with membranes [89]. Moreover, it has been suggested that vascular smooth-muscle cells treated with NO don ...
Analysis of the genetic hierarchy guiding wing vein development in
... of ectopic veins observed with all interactions between HS-rho and hh2 is a much more pronounced expansion of the delta at the junction of L3 and the margin than observed with L4 (typically other enhancing mutants affect both L3 and L4 deltas) and a rather localized ectopic proximal vein segment bet ...
... of ectopic veins observed with all interactions between HS-rho and hh2 is a much more pronounced expansion of the delta at the junction of L3 and the margin than observed with L4 (typically other enhancing mutants affect both L3 and L4 deltas) and a rather localized ectopic proximal vein segment bet ...
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... Introduction Steroid hormones are cholesterol derivatives that serve as signaling molecules to coordinate the expression of complex gene programs in higher eukaryotes. These molecules exert their effects by diffusing into cells and interacting with specific intracellular receptors. Receptors for eac ...
... Introduction Steroid hormones are cholesterol derivatives that serve as signaling molecules to coordinate the expression of complex gene programs in higher eukaryotes. These molecules exert their effects by diffusing into cells and interacting with specific intracellular receptors. Receptors for eac ...
From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in
... turnover, as well as its intimate association with numerous cellular processes, it is reasonable to hypothesize that actin possesses all of the fundamental properties necessary to fulfill a role in not only intercellular connectivity, but also in indirectly bridging the extracellular matrix to a mult ...
... turnover, as well as its intimate association with numerous cellular processes, it is reasonable to hypothesize that actin possesses all of the fundamental properties necessary to fulfill a role in not only intercellular connectivity, but also in indirectly bridging the extracellular matrix to a mult ...
Coordination of microtubule and microfilament dynamics by
... light of the fact that the P597T mutation in the FH2 domain, which is encoded by the capu2F allele, does not affect actin nucleation activity but is less efficient at crosslinking microtubules and microfilaments, the crosslinking activity we describe appears to be an important aspect of how ooplasmi ...
... light of the fact that the P597T mutation in the FH2 domain, which is encoded by the capu2F allele, does not affect actin nucleation activity but is less efficient at crosslinking microtubules and microfilaments, the crosslinking activity we describe appears to be an important aspect of how ooplasmi ...
Oxidative-stress-induced nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization is
... et al., 1997). In addition, changes in subcellular localization represent an important mechanism that can control transcription factor activity. Stress-induced nuclear import of yeast Yap1p (Kuge et al., 2001) or Msn2p (Gorner et al., 1998) is required for their transcription activation function. Mu ...
... et al., 1997). In addition, changes in subcellular localization represent an important mechanism that can control transcription factor activity. Stress-induced nuclear import of yeast Yap1p (Kuge et al., 2001) or Msn2p (Gorner et al., 1998) is required for their transcription activation function. Mu ...
Inhibition of Bmp signaling affects growth and differentiation in the
... Members of the Tnf, Fgf and Wnt families of signaling molecules are candidate inducers of epithelial appendages, while Bmps seem to regulate the spacing between them (Widelitz et al., 1996; Gat et al., 1998; Noramly and Morgan, 1998; Headon and Overbeek, 1999). Shh signaling induces epithelial proli ...
... Members of the Tnf, Fgf and Wnt families of signaling molecules are candidate inducers of epithelial appendages, while Bmps seem to regulate the spacing between them (Widelitz et al., 1996; Gat et al., 1998; Noramly and Morgan, 1998; Headon and Overbeek, 1999). Shh signaling induces epithelial proli ...
CBP/p300 in cell growth, transformation, and development Richard
... these proteins appear to be capable of contributing to ...
... these proteins appear to be capable of contributing to ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.