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Persian complex predicates and the limits of inheritance
Persian complex predicates and the limits of inheritance

... the sub-concept ‘animal’ does not repeat this information, but instead refers to the concept ‘living thing ’. The same is true for sub-concepts of ‘ animal ’: they do not repeat information relevant for all living things or animals, but refer to the direct super-concept ‘animal’. The connections bet ...
seals xvi - Pacific Linguistics
seals xvi - Pacific Linguistics

... for certain rhetorical intention. Similarly, wangsalan and sasmita are two Javanese figures of speech which are used in art performances (in this case Wayang performances), Javanese traditional songs (lyrics for Javanese Gendhings—songs going with gamelan instruments), and also in daily usage for pa ...
Recognition of clauses and phrases in machine translation of
Recognition of clauses and phrases in machine translation of

... 2,..., 7. (In hand work, often C = 1, 2, ...8). For each clause we store a status symbol, v, which has the following meaning: v=0, the predicate of this clause has not yet been found; v=2, the predicate has been found; v=l, a possible predicate has been found. Thus v starts with 0 in each clause ane ...
The Development of Root Infinitives and Null Subjects in Child
The Development of Root Infinitives and Null Subjects in Child

... which store affixation in the lexical representation will allow null subjects while those in which affixation is generated by the rule base will not. The reasoning for this is as follows. If the affix is stored as a part of the lexical representation then that affix is available to the computational ...
dholuo grammar - UoN Repository
dholuo grammar - UoN Repository

... consider it a duty to express my gratitude to all who have cooperated in this work. Dholuo Grammar has been neglected for so long by many authors. I think that now is the right moment for the Luo people to study their language and to give it its true scientific meaning. Here I thank Rev. Jacob Ndong ...
Form and Meaning in the Hebrew Verb
Form and Meaning in the Hebrew Verb

... The empirical domain is the verbal system of Modern Hebrew, where this work attempts to unify our treatment of concatenative and non-concatenative morphology. The hypothesis put forward is that hierarchical syntactic structure, once generated, must be interpreted according to specific locality const ...
Issue 19, May 2010 - Institute of Technology Blanchardstown
Issue 19, May 2010 - Institute of Technology Blanchardstown

... phrases can be of a predicative type like other classes of words. That is, prepositions or prepositional phrases can be of two types i.e. predicative vs. non-predicative. In RRG those adpositions in the periphery of the clause are of former type (predicative) and those marking oblique core arguments ...
A construction based analysis of child directed speech Thea Cameron-Faulkner
A construction based analysis of child directed speech Thea Cameron-Faulkner

... to use more auxiliaries of other types, for example, is, have, and does? A much more realistic expectation is that children acquire the particular words and phrases they are exposed to—given that this exposure happens in a learner-friendly manner—and they make generalizations to more abstract struct ...
here - The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
here - The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship

... túle "came"; OEA: cóm. Evidently a past tense of tul- "come" (Etym s.v. TUL), formed by the lengthening of the stem-vowel and addition of the past suffix -e; the same formation could be seen in ohta-káre below. In Etym, however, past tense of kar- "make, do" is given as karne, so Tolkien might have ...
Chapter 3 Sentence Structure: Predicates Rule
Chapter 3 Sentence Structure: Predicates Rule

... dancing”, and so could be called PARTICIPLES. Often when marked sa on the other hand they become time adjuncts that function in the sentence as nouns but take doers and objects like verbs; this is the definition of GERUND. This sort of use of the position class chart doesn’t show forced conformance ...
24 Important Words and Phrases
24 Important Words and Phrases

... extremely useful and beautiful language quickly and effectively. If you are willing to spend just 24 hours of your time studying the grammar, vocabulary, and phrases presented in the lessons, you will find that you will be able to understand and communicate in Spanish in various types of everyday si ...
DeQue: A Lexicon of Complex Prepositions and Conjunctions
DeQue: A Lexicon of Complex Prepositions and Conjunctions

... C2: Autonomous Lexical Units We require that the individual words composing a CPRE/CCONJ are autonomous lexical units. This means that they have their own distribution, cooccurring with other words in other contexts. Criterion C2 aims at excluding constructions that are surely not ambiguous. For ins ...
Indefinite and definite tenses in Hindi: Morpho
Indefinite and definite tenses in Hindi: Morpho

... tense system almost all the linguists agree with the term “perfective participle”. Another semantic feature of perfective participle lies on the fact that the perfective participle of transitive verb is passive and of intransitive is active. The perfective tenses of transitive are formed with ergati ...
Verbs - Conakry, j`ai envie de te revoir
Verbs - Conakry, j`ai envie de te revoir

... illusions that this is the definitive guide but is simply a brain spillage of two guys who had nothing better to do with their time than to try to catalog the entire maninka language. Seriously, we do hope that this provides an insight to the language from an english speaker's perspective. This stud ...
Working with VERBALS: Participles / infinitives / gerunds
Working with VERBALS: Participles / infinitives / gerunds

... Crying is a present participle, formed by adding -ing to the present form of the verb (cry). Exhausted is a past participle, formed by adding -ed to the present form of the verb (exhaust). Both participles modify the subject, children. All present participles end in -ing. The past participles of all ...
German Reflexives as Proper and Improper Arguments
German Reflexives as Proper and Improper Arguments

... Manfred Bierwisch ...
Chaucer`s Impact on the English Language: A Detailed Study
Chaucer`s Impact on the English Language: A Detailed Study

... reader is forced to think that Chaucer’s English is innovative, precisely because Chaucer emphasised the different types of poetry used by the pilgrims. He shows both high and low style, but also an intermediate style (Cannon 1998), which must have inspired poets after his time. Cannon (1998) even s ...
2017 Specimen Paper 4 Mark Scheme
2017 Specimen Paper 4 Mark Scheme

... 1.5 Optional questions: you must mark all questions attempted by the candidate. Where a question has not been attempted then a NR must be entered. (For Question 3 only, after marking the question(s) the candidate has answered, NR is populated automatically when you click on ‘Complete’.) Where the ca ...
Verb Sophistication
Verb Sophistication

... Developing Verb Sophistication (EO/P): [Researcher: Can you tell her how to do it? Can you tell her why this way helps?] You said how to use cubes. [Researcher: So you can learn and count. To learn and So can you tell him?] Be very gentle with count when you grow, you could count cubes. There's litt ...
IndefInIte and defInIte tenses In HIndI: MorpHo
IndefInIte and defInIte tenses In HIndI: MorpHo

... 1.1. The Imperfective Participle i.e: likhtā (verb likhnā ‛write’) denotes a frequentative or iterative action, an action which takes place, whenever there is a chance to happen. Shapiro (1989: 54) categorizes it under the habitual aspect and Pořízka (1972: 109) also describes the action formed with ...
An Introduction to Clauses - Johnson County Community College
An Introduction to Clauses - Johnson County Community College

... 2. I explained that I had to work all day Monday. 3. I said that I work at a department store in the mall four nights a week. 4. He wondered why I would be missing his afternoon class. 5. I told him that my manager was going on vacation on Monday. 6. My manager had promised a raise to whoever would ...
Lingua Inglese 2
Lingua Inglese 2

... Antonyms (this term is also sometimes used for the entire category of opposites) are gradable adjectives i.e. they can be modified without oddness by intensifiers such as very, rather, extremely, and so on. ...
Partitives A workshop at SLE 43
Partitives A workshop at SLE 43

... uses and the relationship between this affix and some other case-inflection and aims to elucidate the partitive’s protoBasque source and its development. ...
here
here

... category does not necessarily reflect the meaning of the unit taken in itself. For instance, all the units in boldface have the same category, as they all describe “horse” in finer detail: • “A beautiful horse” • “A police horse” • “A horse with no name” • “The horse that won the race” • “A winning ...
Jennifer  Arnold Thesis, spring 1992 Swarthmore  College Dr.
Jennifer Arnold Thesis, spring 1992 Swarthmore College Dr.

... words such as "ldidawy" (he/she/it works) are pronounced ,lkoo8awi/, which doesn't include a glide at the end. I have dispensed with the Unified y-i rule in my own orthography, using "y" only to mark a glide, and using "i" otherwise. All cited examples will be also translated from the alphabet of th ...
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Old English grammar

The grammar of Old English is quite different from that of Modern English, predominantly by being much more inflected. As an old Germanic language, Old English has a morphological system that is similar to that of the hypothetical Proto-Germanic reconstruction, retaining many of the inflections thought to have been common in Proto-Indo-European and also including characteristically Germanic constructions such as the umlaut.Among living languages, Old English morphology most closely resembles that of modern Icelandic, which is among the most conservative of the Germanic languages; to a lesser extent, the Old English inflectional system is similar to that of modern High German.Nouns, pronouns, adjectives and determiners were fully inflected with five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). First- and second-person personal pronouns also had dual forms for referring to groups of two people, in addition to the usual singular and plural forms.The instrumental case was somewhat rare and occurred only in the masculine and neuter singular; it could typically be replaced by the dative. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their antecedent nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subject in person and number.Nouns came in numerous declensions (with deep parallels in Latin, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Verbs came in nine main conjugations (seven strong and two weak), each with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs can be conjugated in only two tenses (vs. the six ""tenses"" – really tense/aspect combinations – of Latin), and have no synthetic passive voice (although it did still exist in Gothic).The grammatical gender of a given noun does not necessarily correspond to its natural gender, even for nouns referring to people. For example, sēo sunne (the Sun) was feminine, se mōna (the Moon) was masculine, and þæt wīf ""the woman/wife"" was neuter. (Compare modern German die Sonne, der Mond, das Weib.) Pronominal usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when it conflicted.
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