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09/24/04
09/24/04

... • Speeds of 11 Mbps now common (“802.11b”) • Faster speeds becoming available (54 Mbps, 108 Mbps) ...
Cross layer design for Wireless networks
Cross layer design for Wireless networks

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... Synchronous versus Asynchronous Transmissions [Halsall] A fundamental requirement of digital data communications is that the receiver knows the starting time and the duration of each bit. Asynchronous transmission :: each character (or byte) is treated independently for clock (bit) and character (b ...
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Vehicle Applications of Controller Area Network
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... of connectors, which facilitates production and increases reliability. Introducing networks in vehicles also makes it possible to more efficiently carry out diagnostics and to coordinate the operation of the separate subsystems. The CAN protocol standardizes the physical and data link layers, which ar ...
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 time t 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Fraction
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... Bit Stuffing • Each frame begins and ends with a special bit pattern called a flag byte [01111110]. • Whenever sender data link layer encounters five consecutive ones in the data stream, it automatically stuffs a 0 bit into the outgoing stream. • When the receiver sees five consecutive incoming one ...
OSI Reference Model - Eastern Oregon University
OSI Reference Model - Eastern Oregon University

... The data link layer defines hardware (physical or MAC) addresses as well as the communication process that occurs within a media type. Error correction and retransmission Switches and bridges function at the data link layer. Examples of data link layer protocols include IEEE’s 802.2, 802.3, Ethernet ...
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... Each station is only connected to each of its two nearest neighbors. Data in the form of packets pass around the ring from one station to another in uni-directional way. Advantages :  (1) Access method supports heavy load without degradation of performance because the medium is not shared.  (2) Se ...
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... 2. Replacing hubs with switches in 10BASE-T networks has greatly increased the throughout available to these networks and has helped Ethernet maintain its longevity in the LAN market. The 10BASE-T links connected to a switch can support either half-duplex or full-duplex operation. 3. The most popula ...
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CAN bus

A controller area network (CAN bus) is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other in applications without a host computer. It is a message-based protocol, designed originally for multiplex electrical wiring within automobiles, but is also used in many other contexts.Development of the CAN bus started in 1983 at Robert Bosch GmbH. The protocol was officially released in 1986 at the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) congress in Detroit, Michigan. The first CAN controller chips, produced by Intel and Philips, came on the market in 1987. The 1988 BMW 8 Series was the first production vehicle to feature a CAN-based multiplex wiring system.Bosch published several versions of the CAN specification and the latest is CAN 2.0 published in 1991. This specification has two parts; part A is for the standard format with an 11-bit identifier, and part B is for the extended format with a 29-bit identifier. A CAN device that uses 11-bit identifiers is commonly called CAN 2.0A and a CAN device that uses 29-bit identifiers is commonly called CAN 2.0B. These standards are freely available from Bosch along with other specifications and white papers.In 1993 the International Organization for Standardization released the CAN standard ISO 11898 which was later restructured into two parts; ISO 11898-1 which covers the data link layer, and ISO 11898-2 which covers the CAN physical layer for high-speed CAN. ISO 11898-3 was released later and covers the CAN physical layer for low-speed, fault-tolerant CAN. The physical layer standards ISO 11898-2 and ISO 11898-3 are not part of the Bosch CAN 2.0 specification. These standards may be purchased from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).CAN in Automation (CiA) also published CAN standards; CAN Specification 2.0 part A and part B, but their status is now obsolete (superseded by ISO 11898-1).Bosch is still active in extending the CAN standards. In 2012 Bosch released CAN FD 1.0 or CAN with Flexible Data-Rate. This specification uses a different frame format that allows a different data length as well as optionally switching to a faster bit rate after the arbitration is decided. CAN FD is compatible with existing CAN 2.0 networks so new CAN FD devices can coexist on the same network with existing CAN devices.CAN bus is one of five protocols used in the on-board diagnostics (OBD)-II vehicle diagnostics standard. The OBD-II standard has been mandatory for all cars and light trucks sold in the United States since 1996, and the EOBD standard has been mandatory for all petrol vehicles sold in the European Union since 2001 and all diesel vehicles since 2004.
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