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CfE Higher Physics Unit 2: Particles and Waves
CfE Higher Physics Unit 2: Particles and Waves

... lifetimes of around 10-23 s, a very short time. Free neutrons have a half-life of about 15 minutes. Free protons are often said to be stable as their predicted half life is an extremely long period of time (10 23 years). Protons and neutrons are relatively stable when bound in a nucleus. However in ...
ANDRÉ PETERMANN by Antonino Zichichi
ANDRÉ PETERMANN by Antonino Zichichi

... Supersymmetry. This can be broken later, thus generating the sequence of the various forces of nature as we observe them”. This statement was based on a work with André where the renormalization group running of the couplings, introducing a new degree of freedom due to Supersymmetry, was studied: th ...
Light - SCHOOLinSITES
Light - SCHOOLinSITES

... The floodlight in the swimming pool gives off light rays that travel to the surface. If the angle of incidence is great enough, a light ray is completely reflected back into the water. This complete reflection of light by the inside surface of a medium is called total internal reflection. ...
SHM and Waves
SHM and Waves

... particular string are called resonant frequencies. They are also referred to as the fundamental and harmonics. ...
Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms
Refraction, Lenses, and Prisms

... If the angle is small enough, the rays can reflect off the back of the droplet. Some of the light will then travel through the droplet. The light is dispersed again as it passes out of the water droplet back into the air. ...
22 Heat Transfer
22 Heat Transfer

Observation of magneto-optical second-harmonic - HAL-IOGS
Observation of magneto-optical second-harmonic - HAL-IOGS

投影片 1
投影片 1

...  The electric potential difference φ12 is defined as the work to move a unit charge between P1 and P2: we need 2 points!  Can we define similar concept describing the properties of the space?  Yes, just fix one of the points (e.g.: P=infinity): ...
Gabrielse
Gabrielse

...  muon more sensitive to “new physics”  how much more accurately we measure  3s effect is now seen ...
Diodes and Transistors HOW Theq Work
Diodes and Transistors HOW Theq Work

Presentation Lesson 24 Reflection and Refraction
Presentation Lesson 24 Reflection and Refraction

energy. A
energy. A

... Convection Currents • When a fluid is heated from below, differences in fluid density create convection currents. ...
Haze detection and characterisation by light scattering
Haze detection and characterisation by light scattering

... produced from wood) In experiments Wood 1 & Wood 2, haze was produced from burning wood and in experiments Incense 1 & Incense 2, haze was produced from burning incense. In Fig. 8.1 below, incense was burned for all experiments. Experiments Blue 1 & Blue 2 used blue light but Blue 2 had 3 times the ...
ELECTRONIC IMAGING OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH LIMITED AVALANCHES IN GASES G
ELECTRONIC IMAGING OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH LIMITED AVALANCHES IN GASES G

... wire over drift chambers was their capacity of accepting very high counting rates. The resolution time, of about 30 ns, and the possible counting rate of l0 5 pulses per second, made it feasible to tackle the study of rare phenomena which were beyond the reach of spark chambers as they needed very h ...
English Medium
English Medium

... 2. Mention the differences between evaporation and boiling? 3. What role does specific heat play in keeping a watermelon cool for a long time after removing it from a fridge? 4. Describe an activity to show that the water expands on freezing? 5. Explain the formation of dew with an example? ...
Deriving the Snel–Descartes law for a single photon
Deriving the Snel–Descartes law for a single photon

5.1 Boltzmann distribution of molecules over the energy levels
5.1 Boltzmann distribution of molecules over the energy levels

notes and handout
notes and handout

A major triumph of the wave theory of light came through the work of
A major triumph of the wave theory of light came through the work of

... intervening dark spaces correspond to a difference of half a supposed wavelength, of one and a half, of two and a half, or more. This description is absolutely correct but it was difficult for people to accept. There is something very definitely counterintuitive in claiming that two rays of light co ...
Lasers - creaghbrown.co.uk index
Lasers - creaghbrown.co.uk index

... Pay attention – there are MCQs at the end! ...
Plasma Orbital Expansion of the Electrons in Water
Plasma Orbital Expansion of the Electrons in Water

Light Quality
Light Quality

Chapter 12 (Electrostatics) Short Answers
Chapter 12 (Electrostatics) Short Answers

Measuring and Using Electricity tg.qxd
Measuring and Using Electricity tg.qxd

< 1 ... 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ... 208 >

Photoelectric effect

The photoelectric effect is the observation that many metals emit electrons when light shines upon them. Electrons emitted in this manner can be called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is commonly studied in electronic physics, as well as in fields of chemistry, such as quantum chemistry or electrochemistry.According to classical electromagnetic theory, this effect can be attributed to the transfer of energy from the light to an electron in the metal. From this perspective, an alteration in either the amplitude or wavelength of light would induce changes in the rate of emission of electrons from the metal. Furthermore, according to this theory, a sufficiently dim light would be expected to show a lag time between the initial shining of its light and the subsequent emission of an electron. However, the experimental results did not correlate with either of the two predictions made by this theory.Instead, as it turns out, electrons are only dislodged by the photoelectric effect if light reaches or exceeds a threshold frequency, below which no electrons can be emitted from the metal regardless of the amplitude and temporal length of exposure of light. To make sense of the fact that light can eject electrons even if its intensity is low, Albert Einstein proposed that a beam of light is not a wave propagating through space, but rather a collection of discrete wave packets (photons), each with energy hf. This shed light on Max Planck's previous discovery of the Planck relation (E = hf) linking energy (E) and frequency (f) as arising from quantization of energy. The factor h is known as the Planck constant.In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905 Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. In 1914, Robert Millikan's experiment confirmed Einstein's law on photoelectric effect. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for ""his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"", and Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for ""his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"".The photoelectric effect requires photons with energies from a few electronvolts to over 1 MeV in elements with a high atomic number. Study of the photoelectric effect led to important steps in understanding the quantum nature of light and electrons and influenced the formation of the concept of wave–particle duality. Other phenomena where light affects the movement of electric charges include the photoconductive effect (also known as photoconductivity or photoresistivity), the photovoltaic effect, and the photoelectrochemical effect.
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