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Is the electron a photon with toroidal topology?
Is the electron a photon with toroidal topology?

17.1 Physics 6B Electric Potential
17.1 Physics 6B Electric Potential

... When the potential energy of the system decreases, positive work is done by the electric force. When potential energy increases, negative work is done by the electric force (or alternatively, Prepared by Vince Zaccone positive work is done on the system by outside forces). For Campus Learning Assist ...
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Beam Line - SLAC - Stanford University

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... Shower shape analysis is used for /0 discrimination. Reduction in near angle peak towards photon Bin. Effect is more prominent for larger Ettrigger . Away-side yield is reduced. ...
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Refraction - Mr. Bigler



... Processing polyacetylene and many other polymers such as polypyrrole and polythiophene was for a time ruled out because of their failure to melt or to dissolve in any solvent. Ingenious methods developed over the years have, however, made processing possible. In 1980, James W. Feast and co-workers a ...
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... Dibasic acid One which has 2 replaceable H atoms per molecule Isotopes Atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers - As the number of protons increases, the number of neutrons increases relatively faster, so small atoms have proton and neutron numbers which are comparable whereas ...
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chapter 5.
chapter 5.

... electron, the orbital electron is ejected from its shell and the resulting orbital vacancy is filled by an electron from a higher level shell. The energy difference between the two shells may be emitted from the atom either in the form of a characteristic photon (characteristic x-ray) or is transfer ...
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Intro to Physics - Fort Thomas Independent Schools

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... • Caution: the total electronic energy is not the sum of the Hartree-Fock eigenvalues (this would double-count the electron-electron interaction terms) • The difficulty: the exchange term is quite difficult to evaluate since it is non-local • Still have no account at all of correlation between elect ...
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Photoelectric effect

The photoelectric effect is the observation that many metals emit electrons when light shines upon them. Electrons emitted in this manner can be called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is commonly studied in electronic physics, as well as in fields of chemistry, such as quantum chemistry or electrochemistry.According to classical electromagnetic theory, this effect can be attributed to the transfer of energy from the light to an electron in the metal. From this perspective, an alteration in either the amplitude or wavelength of light would induce changes in the rate of emission of electrons from the metal. Furthermore, according to this theory, a sufficiently dim light would be expected to show a lag time between the initial shining of its light and the subsequent emission of an electron. However, the experimental results did not correlate with either of the two predictions made by this theory.Instead, as it turns out, electrons are only dislodged by the photoelectric effect if light reaches or exceeds a threshold frequency, below which no electrons can be emitted from the metal regardless of the amplitude and temporal length of exposure of light. To make sense of the fact that light can eject electrons even if its intensity is low, Albert Einstein proposed that a beam of light is not a wave propagating through space, but rather a collection of discrete wave packets (photons), each with energy hf. This shed light on Max Planck's previous discovery of the Planck relation (E = hf) linking energy (E) and frequency (f) as arising from quantization of energy. The factor h is known as the Planck constant.In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905 Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. In 1914, Robert Millikan's experiment confirmed Einstein's law on photoelectric effect. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for ""his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"", and Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for ""his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"".The photoelectric effect requires photons with energies from a few electronvolts to over 1 MeV in elements with a high atomic number. Study of the photoelectric effect led to important steps in understanding the quantum nature of light and electrons and influenced the formation of the concept of wave–particle duality. Other phenomena where light affects the movement of electric charges include the photoconductive effect (also known as photoconductivity or photoresistivity), the photovoltaic effect, and the photoelectrochemical effect.
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