• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
The 'Sense and Nonsense of Maastricht' revisited: What have we learnt about stabilization in EMU?
The 'Sense and Nonsense of Maastricht' revisited: What have we learnt about stabilization in EMU?

... annum deemed a possibility in the future), 1.2 to 1.5 percent per annum for Poland, 1.9 percent per annum for Hungary and 1.6 percent per annum for the Czech Republic. All these estimates have the obvious shortcoming that they are based on very short datasets that do not allow the authors to filter ...
value based questions from all chapters
value based questions from all chapters

... receipts of scholarship from govt. Sale of shares Construction of new houses Vegetables grown for self consumption Cooking done by housewife. ...
3. definitions and explanations[1]
3. definitions and explanations[1]

... purchased by government units and non-profit institutions serving households, and provided to households by these institutions free of charge. Subsidies consist of all grants on current account given by the government and the local authorities to private industries and public corporations, as well a ...
NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

... the quantities or values of the goods or services that they produce, sell or import. In addition to the direct current subsidies, this item also includes the subsidy component of loans to finance current activities, which are granted by the NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ...
Financing US Debt: Is There Enough Money in the World and at
Financing US Debt: Is There Enough Money in the World and at

... Federal debt to be financed by the foreign official sector. However, the implied amounts of foreign-held Treasury debt would greatly exceed the bounds set by historical experience. Moreover, the explicit linkages we examine highlight the tension between an improving trade deficit, low interest rates ...
Euro area fiscal policies and the crisis
Euro area fiscal policies and the crisis

... 1. Sound fiscal positions represent a prerequisite for the smooth functioning of EMU. 2. Fiscal policies bolstered confidence through stimuli in the entry phase, in the exit phase, confidence needs to be preserved by timely fiscal consolidation. 3. Large fiscal imbalances may undermine economic grow ...
Assessing the Equilibrium Exchange Rate of the Cyprus Pound at
Assessing the Equilibrium Exchange Rate of the Cyprus Pound at

... and, more recently, the launch of the Economic Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999, the concept’s importance in the European Union (EU) has increased significantly. In the context of recent EU enlargement, new member states are expected to join the Exchange Rate Mechanism II (ERM II) some time after access ...
Lessons from the OECD workshop: Accounting for Implicit Pension
Lessons from the OECD workshop: Accounting for Implicit Pension

... pension arrangements are centered on employer schemes plus a « safety net » called « social security » – Countries like Belgium, France where pure employer schemes hardly exist and pension arrangements are centered on one major collective « multi-employer » system, also called « social security ». ...
Figure 5-1 Real Government Expenditures, Real Government
Figure 5-1 Real Government Expenditures, Real Government

...  Persistent budget deficits have another implication. It raises the ...
F585 Global Economy June 2010
F585 Global Economy June 2010

... Paragraph one comments on the extent and duration of the recent recession with particular reference to the UK. We are told that the recent recession has been the longest and most severe since the 1930s, and that Britain seemed to lag behind other advanced countries in terms of recovery from recessio ...
How to break the Gramm-Rudman
How to break the Gramm-Rudman

... But if one is seriously interested in the effects of budget policy on the future, one must get beyond the cash budget &arm of reference represented by [Gramm-Rudman-Hollings] and consolidated de&it calculations. -- Richard G. Darman Introduction In order to avoid a drop in living standards over the ...
Ch08 - NTU
Ch08 - NTU

... – Today, two famous organized exchanges for options on the currency in the U.S. are the Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX) and the CME group – Exchange-traded options are settled through a clearing house, so buyers do not deal directly with sellers – The clearing house can be viewed as the counterpa ...
Loanable funds - FMT-HANU
Loanable funds - FMT-HANU

... Private saving: the amount of income that households have left after paying their taxes and paying for their consumption. ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: The International Transmission of Inflation
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: The International Transmission of Inflation

... market operations (OMO) and foreign exchange market operations (FXO), in a small open economy. This topic is of great importance to policymakers who are faced with various policy targets and have two alternative instruments. For example, when the objective is to stabilize exchange rates in the short ...
General Ledger Balances Display
General Ledger Balances Display

... Accounting  Financial Accounting  General Ledger  Account  Display balances (New) ...
Determining factors of Czech trade
Determining factors of Czech trade

... that there were no generic (common) behavioural patterns in the data that could be explained by the time factor alone. The coefficients of such fixed effects were statistically insignificant in all four of the models we tested, and we had to exclude them from the final estimation. Although this is n ...
The impact of international capital flows on the South Africa... since the end of apartheid Seeraj Mohamed
The impact of international capital flows on the South Africa... since the end of apartheid Seeraj Mohamed

... absorbed the large increases in capital inflows. Palma convincingly shows that large capital inflows are the key to explaining financial crises in all these countries despite these different absorption methods. Foreign direct investment is an important element of the South African government’s econo ...
Money in the Economy
Money in the Economy

... Monetary Policy, Exchange Rates and GDP • Let the Fed decrease short-term interest rates – As interest rates decrease, exchange rates decrease, causing net exports (X - M) and GDP to rise. • As the value of the dollar decreases, we export more goods and import fewer. ...
FBLA ACCOUNTING II
FBLA ACCOUNTING II

... 30. If a company has a total revenue of $150,000, cost of goods sold of $59,600, and total expenses of $72,985, its gross profit is 31. The method of depreciation that records the same amount each year is called 32. Which of the following transactions would result in a debit and a credit to the same ...
Famous Gold Moves in History
Famous Gold Moves in History

... rates resting on the U.S. dollar as the world reserve currency, which would notionally replace gold as the reserve unit. However, to encourage confidence in the U.S. dollar, the United States pegged the dollar to gold at $35 per troy ounce. It proved somewhat difficult to maintain a fixed peg. In th ...
Economic environment - World Trade Organization
Economic environment - World Trade Organization

... (Table I.1); this is amongst the highest in the world. Around 70% of both government income and merchandise exports were based on petroleum in 2006; the mining and quarrying sector (notably oil and gas) accounted for 11.8% of real GDP in 2005, down from 17.5% in 2001. Endowed with smaller oil resour ...
Lesson 2-1 - Lawton Community Schools
Lesson 2-1 - Lawton Community Schools

... Which is the Normal Balance Side? ...
An Evaluation Of The Relationship Between Budget Deficits And
An Evaluation Of The Relationship Between Budget Deficits And

... Budget deficits in turkey and spain - external debt issue In general, external debts in a national economy make contribution to close the external commerce deficits and to remove the imbalances in the balances of payments. In this regard, external debts are effective in ensuring economic stability. ...
Ch. 7: Finance, Saving and Investment
Ch. 7: Finance, Saving and Investment

... • decrease in the quantity of capital that results from wear and tear and obsolescence.  Net investment • change in the quantity of capital. • gross investment  depreciation ...
Lecture9 - UCSB Economics
Lecture9 - UCSB Economics

... decrease the price of reserves, i.e. the FFR ...
< 1 ... 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 ... 208 >

Balance of payments

The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BoP or BP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year). These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country . It represents a summation of country's current demand and supply of the claims on foreign currencies and of foreign claims on its currency..These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers.It is prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items.When all components of the BOP accounts are included they must sum to zero with no overall surplus or deficit. For example, if a country is importing more than it exports, its trade balance will be in deficit, but the shortfall will have to be counterbalanced in other ways – such as by funds earned from its foreign investments, by running down central bank reserves or by receiving loans from other countries.While the overall BOP accounts will always balance when all types of payments are included, imbalances are possible on individual elements of the BOP, such as the current account, the capital account excluding the central bank's reserve account, or the sum of the two. Imbalances in the latter sum can result in surplus countries accumulating wealth, while deficit nations become increasingly indebted. The term balance of payments often refers to this sum: a country's balance of payments is said to be in surplus (equivalently, the balance of payments is positive) by a specific amount if sources of funds (such as export goods sold and bonds sold) exceed uses of funds (such as paying for imported goods and paying for foreign bonds purchased) by that amount. There is said to be a balance of payments deficit (the balance of payments is said to be negative) if the former are less than the latter. A BOP surplus (or deficit) is accompanied by an accumulation (or decumulation) of foreign exchange reserves by the central bank.Under a fixed exchange rate system, the central bank accommodates those flows by buying up any net inflow of funds into the country or by providing foreign currency funds to the foreign exchange market to match any international outflow of funds, thus preventing the funds flows from affecting the exchange rate between the country's currency and other currencies. Then the net change per year in the central bank's foreign exchange reserves is sometimes called the balance of payments surplus or deficit. Alternatives to a fixed exchange rate system include a managed float where some changes of exchange rates are allowed, or at the other extreme a purely floating exchange rate (also known as a purely flexible exchange rate). With a pure float the central bank does not intervene at all to protect or devalue its currency, allowing the rate to be set by the market, and the central bank's foreign exchange reserves do not change, and the balance of payments is always zero.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report