chapter 2 the macroeconomic implications of devaluation and import
... is assumed to include net foreign assets, and (2) because the target for external finance is assumed to be current balance of payments. Implicitly the latter involves us in a supposition that private capital outflows on the balance of payments are either prevented or can be financed by official borr ...
... is assumed to include net foreign assets, and (2) because the target for external finance is assumed to be current balance of payments. Implicitly the latter involves us in a supposition that private capital outflows on the balance of payments are either prevented or can be financed by official borr ...
The IMF’s Indonesian Myths
... borrowing is a second tier defense, the US$400 million in question represents an addition to Indonesia’s reserves that would only be used if Indonesia were to run out of foreign exchange. Yet at the moment the country has US$28 billion in reserves, and Indonesia’s flexible exchange rate policy ensur ...
... borrowing is a second tier defense, the US$400 million in question represents an addition to Indonesia’s reserves that would only be used if Indonesia were to run out of foreign exchange. Yet at the moment the country has US$28 billion in reserves, and Indonesia’s flexible exchange rate policy ensur ...
NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
... Output: The value of goods and services produced by an establishment, excluding the value of any goods and services used in an activity for which the establishment does not assume the risk of using the products in production, and excluding the value of goods and services consumed by the same establi ...
... Output: The value of goods and services produced by an establishment, excluding the value of any goods and services used in an activity for which the establishment does not assume the risk of using the products in production, and excluding the value of goods and services consumed by the same establi ...
Introduction Portugal has been under the excessive deficit
... Budgetary execution until May 2016 has been broadly on track, but risks for the rest of the full-year execution remain high. The general government balance in National Accounts for the first quarter improved to 3.2% of GDP as compared to 5.5% of GDP in the first quarter of 2015, the best first-quart ...
... Budgetary execution until May 2016 has been broadly on track, but risks for the rest of the full-year execution remain high. The general government balance in National Accounts for the first quarter improved to 3.2% of GDP as compared to 5.5% of GDP in the first quarter of 2015, the best first-quart ...
Controversy Over the Federal Budget Deficit
... spending of G1 and taxes of T1. Now let the government decide to increase the deficit by lowering T1, while holding government spending fixed. This has no initial effect on the money market since taxes do not directly affect the demand or supply of money. Therefore, the LM curve does not shift. Howe ...
... spending of G1 and taxes of T1. Now let the government decide to increase the deficit by lowering T1, while holding government spending fixed. This has no initial effect on the money market since taxes do not directly affect the demand or supply of money. Therefore, the LM curve does not shift. Howe ...
Document
... In the early 1990s, outlays started to decline relative to GDP, while revenues increased deficit declined and, by 1998, created a budget surplus What turned a hefty deficit into a surplus, and why has the surplus slipped lately? Tax increases during the elder President Bush and President Clinton t ...
... In the early 1990s, outlays started to decline relative to GDP, while revenues increased deficit declined and, by 1998, created a budget surplus What turned a hefty deficit into a surplus, and why has the surplus slipped lately? Tax increases during the elder President Bush and President Clinton t ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Research Volume Title: International Dimensions of Monetary Policy
... impossible, and hence the analogy with the dramatic opening of a mission impossible episode: “Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to reduce inflation and output volatility around the world.” The “you” in this analogy— the Impossible Mission Force (IMF)—was the community of researchers a ...
... impossible, and hence the analogy with the dramatic opening of a mission impossible episode: “Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to reduce inflation and output volatility around the world.” The “you” in this analogy— the Impossible Mission Force (IMF)—was the community of researchers a ...
An Introduction to Basic Macroeconomic Markets
... input. Once people have time to adjust their long-term commitments, resource markets (and costs) will adjust to the higher levels of prices and thereby remove the incentive of firms to continue to supply a larger output. An economy’s full employment rate of output (YF), the maximum output rate that ...
... input. Once people have time to adjust their long-term commitments, resource markets (and costs) will adjust to the higher levels of prices and thereby remove the incentive of firms to continue to supply a larger output. An economy’s full employment rate of output (YF), the maximum output rate that ...
S025358_en.pdf
... First, surges in capital flows once again led to the rapid growth of the debt stocks of emerging economies – particularly in Latin America. Second, the type of flows changed substantially, as initially the most significant part of these increasing flows (and debt) were portfolio flows; when such flo ...
... First, surges in capital flows once again led to the rapid growth of the debt stocks of emerging economies – particularly in Latin America. Second, the type of flows changed substantially, as initially the most significant part of these increasing flows (and debt) were portfolio flows; when such flo ...
CAPITAL MOBILITY AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: Are Emerging Economies Different? * By Sebastian Edwards
... significantly more integrated than what a simple analysis of legal restrictions would suggest. In an effort to measure the “true” degree of capital mobility, Feldstein and Horioka (1980) analyzed the behavior of savings and investments in a number of countries. They argue that if there is perfect ca ...
... significantly more integrated than what a simple analysis of legal restrictions would suggest. In an effort to measure the “true” degree of capital mobility, Feldstein and Horioka (1980) analyzed the behavior of savings and investments in a number of countries. They argue that if there is perfect ca ...
Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy: Sensitivity Analysis
... the interest rate, so the exchange rate depreciates and create competitive rivalry. With such a country will have a surplus in the trade balance as a result of increasing the products are exported, the case will reduce imports from other countries. In a small open economy with relatively unstable ch ...
... the interest rate, so the exchange rate depreciates and create competitive rivalry. With such a country will have a surplus in the trade balance as a result of increasing the products are exported, the case will reduce imports from other countries. In a small open economy with relatively unstable ch ...
Word - Český statistický úřad
... 3. Imbalances Odd movements in economic growth may knock an economy off balance. The out-of-balance states can be observed from both inside and outside in transactions with foreign countries. Fiscal disproportion is a typical example of an internal imbalance, that is, a proportion between income and ...
... 3. Imbalances Odd movements in economic growth may knock an economy off balance. The out-of-balance states can be observed from both inside and outside in transactions with foreign countries. Fiscal disproportion is a typical example of an internal imbalance, that is, a proportion between income and ...
Terms of Trade - AKM Fahmidul Haque
... prices of these commodities experience longterm trends in one direction or wide and abrupt fluctuations over short periods of time, effects are felt more strongly. ...
... prices of these commodities experience longterm trends in one direction or wide and abrupt fluctuations over short periods of time, effects are felt more strongly. ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HONG KONG’S CURRENCY BOARD AND CHANGING MONETARY
... deposits. This cover did not imply that the Exchange Fund could effectively limit the creation of money because the banks could borrow foreign currency to obtain the liquid assets. Money growth in this period was higher and more volatile than before. In 1978, the government also decided to transfer ...
... deposits. This cover did not imply that the Exchange Fund could effectively limit the creation of money because the banks could borrow foreign currency to obtain the liquid assets. Money growth in this period was higher and more volatile than before. In 1978, the government also decided to transfer ...
IMF eLibrary
... investment position (IIP) data is seen as a core task. Composed of international economic transactions data, BOPS delivers critical statistical information that covers: • total goods, services, income, and current transfers an economy receives from or provides to the rest of the world • capital tran ...
... investment position (IIP) data is seen as a core task. Composed of international economic transactions data, BOPS delivers critical statistical information that covers: • total goods, services, income, and current transfers an economy receives from or provides to the rest of the world • capital tran ...
departamento de economía departamento de economía
... The succeeding years saw the highest and most prolonged worldwide growth rate in contemporary history, cut short by the US crisis that led to an economic crisis on a global scale: the most severe since 1929. The direct cause of the crisis was the price shock in the US real estate market, in which ho ...
... The succeeding years saw the highest and most prolonged worldwide growth rate in contemporary history, cut short by the US crisis that led to an economic crisis on a global scale: the most severe since 1929. The direct cause of the crisis was the price shock in the US real estate market, in which ho ...
command economy after the shocks of opening up: the factors of
... servicing sectors, which brought higher value added to the final exports. Similar trend could be observed among other new EU members, e.g. in Hungary or Slovakia. Such sharp recent turns in the pattern of specialisation have been most pronounced in the trade with the EU-15, meanwhile the trade with ...
... servicing sectors, which brought higher value added to the final exports. Similar trend could be observed among other new EU members, e.g. in Hungary or Slovakia. Such sharp recent turns in the pattern of specialisation have been most pronounced in the trade with the EU-15, meanwhile the trade with ...
Interim Report of the Commission of Enquiry_0
... for the commercial rand traded at a significant discount of between 15% and 55% to the commercial rand over the thirty years that this mechanism was in place. 2.2.2 On different occasions during the 1970’s the commercial rand was fixed to the US dollar or to the British pound and fluctuated in line ...
... for the commercial rand traded at a significant discount of between 15% and 55% to the commercial rand over the thirty years that this mechanism was in place. 2.2.2 On different occasions during the 1970’s the commercial rand was fixed to the US dollar or to the British pound and fluctuated in line ...
EFFECT OF TRADE DEFICIT ON THE ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN
... assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied ...
... assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied ...
The impact of international capital flows on the South Africa
... the large increases in capital inflows. Palma convincingly shows that large capital inflows are the key to explaining financial crises in all these countries despite these different absorption methods. Foreign direct investment is an important element of the South African government’s economic polic ...
... the large increases in capital inflows. Palma convincingly shows that large capital inflows are the key to explaining financial crises in all these countries despite these different absorption methods. Foreign direct investment is an important element of the South African government’s economic polic ...
Scharpf , Fritz W.. 'Monetary Union, Fiscal Crisis and the Preemption of Democracy.' Paper presented at the LEQS Annual Lecture ' Saving the Euro at the expense of democracy in Europe?' on 12 May 2011 at the London School of Economics , LEQS Paper No. 36, May 2011
... economic catastrophes. This was to be achieved through “macroeconomic” policies that would allow the state to increase or reduce aggregate economic demand in order to dampen the ups and downs of economic cycles, to prevent the rise of unemployment or inflation, and to ensure steady economic growth. ...
... economic catastrophes. This was to be achieved through “macroeconomic” policies that would allow the state to increase or reduce aggregate economic demand in order to dampen the ups and downs of economic cycles, to prevent the rise of unemployment or inflation, and to ensure steady economic growth. ...
Macro2
... country with GDP in another country is problematic because prices of particular products in one country may be much less or much more than in the other country. – For example, using the market exchange rate to value Chinese GDP in dollars leads to an estimate that in 2006, U.S. real GDP per person w ...
... country with GDP in another country is problematic because prices of particular products in one country may be much less or much more than in the other country. – For example, using the market exchange rate to value Chinese GDP in dollars leads to an estimate that in 2006, U.S. real GDP per person w ...
Capital Flows to Emerging Markets
... gross rather than net capital flows. Secondly, when considering emerging markets, the asymmetric nature of the international monetary system must be stressed. Thirdly, it is important to understand the specific forms that capital flows take: in today’s world, pension funds and other institutional in ...
... gross rather than net capital flows. Secondly, when considering emerging markets, the asymmetric nature of the international monetary system must be stressed. Thirdly, it is important to understand the specific forms that capital flows take: in today’s world, pension funds and other institutional in ...
Central and East European Countries After Entering the
... possibilities can have different impacts on the size, composition and division of GDP in CEECs. The ECB can have different preferences from the central banks in the CEECs, therefore the loss of autonomous monetary policy after joining the Eurozone can bring some costs from the point of view of the C ...
... possibilities can have different impacts on the size, composition and division of GDP in CEECs. The ECB can have different preferences from the central banks in the CEECs, therefore the loss of autonomous monetary policy after joining the Eurozone can bring some costs from the point of view of the C ...