• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Beyond the liquidity trap: ineffectiveness of monetary policy as an
Beyond the liquidity trap: ineffectiveness of monetary policy as an

... market equilibrium would not help much with regard to macro-equilibrium. On the one hand, labor market equilibrium may not be compatible with recessionary macro-equilibrium (or simply with the steady state balance between savings and investment) but at a particular (natural) level of interest rate; ...
El Salvador (Complete)
El Salvador (Complete)

... El Salvador’s GDP growth in 2012-16 will be very modest (at the slowest pace in Central America), reflecting a very weak domestic production base, which limits investment and leads to a persistently negative foreign balance. In 2012 GDP growth will reach only 2.2% (following 1.4% growth in 2011), as ...
Presentation Outline
Presentation Outline

... Change in spot exchange rates vis-à-vis the US dollar ...
policy brief - Peterson Institute for International Economics
policy brief - Peterson Institute for International Economics

... Figure 2 shows the sizable exchange rate impacts over the past year in these four cases of political shocks, indicating a strong recovery of the REER for Brazil but a substantial real effective depreciation for the other three economies. ...
WAMZ/TC/36 - West African Monetary Institute
WAMZ/TC/36 - West African Monetary Institute

... for their sterling leadership and support to WAMI since the last meeting in Accra, Ghana. He commended WAMI staff for their dedication to duty and invaluable contributions towards the Institute’s work programme, and also wished the delegates fruitful deliberations. Remarks by the Out-going Chairman ...
Which of the following combinations of economic policies would be
Which of the following combinations of economic policies would be

... d. The size of the federal debt e. The reserve requirement 10. A discretionary fiscal policy action to reduce inflation in the short run would be to a. increase transfer payments to those on fixed incomes b. increase taxes or decrease government spending c. decrease taxes or increase government spen ...
Twin Deficits: Squaring Theory, Evidence and Common Sense1
Twin Deficits: Squaring Theory, Evidence and Common Sense1

... Conversely, twin deficits are likely to be observed if the economy is relatively open, i.e. highly integrated into world markets, and if the increase in government spending is expected to last for an extended period of time. We derive these results in a standard general equilibrium model, drawing on ...
GASB Statement No. 54 and Iowa School Districts
GASB Statement No. 54 and Iowa School Districts

... authorized to make assignments and the policy that delegated entity is to follow • Flows: In what order will the resources be used? • Start now with the prior year audit report and determine ...
Chapter 16
Chapter 16

... Given the small level of official reserves relative to the enormous level of private trading, significant amounts of stabilization are impossible. ...
T N M R
T N M R

... crises in Asia, Russia, and Brazil. During that same year, inflation in Mexico rose by more than 300 basis points, reaching an annual rate of 19 percent in January 1999. Since then, however, the nominal strength of the peso has permitted a significant decline in inflation. With a flexible exchange r ...
presentation file
presentation file

... – Initial values of human capital (years of total schooling, higher schooling) • Government Policies – Restrictions: Capital Controls (IMF, AREAER). • Institutional Quality ...
Payee Account # Format - Victoria Mutual Express Online
Payee Account # Format - Victoria Mutual Express Online

... VM Wealth Management – Insurance Premium Financing (IPF) ...
A better indicator for standard of living: The Gross National Disposable Income
A better indicator for standard of living: The Gross National Disposable Income

... The monetary income element is also captured by the Gross National Income (GNI), which is often regarded as an either complementary or alternative measure with respect to the GDP. In recent years, the GNI has been largely used, but we will show that - contrary to the held view that GNI is the best i ...
Chapter 18: The Open Economy
Chapter 18: The Open Economy

...  But what if only some countries have a recession?  Expansionary fiscal policy by all countries might generate inflation in non-recession countries.  Some countries may start with high budget deficits and government debt. ...
Macroeconomic Adjustment Mechanisms in An Oil Based Economy: Saudi Arabia Looney, R.E.
Macroeconomic Adjustment Mechanisms in An Oil Based Economy: Saudi Arabia Looney, R.E.

... thereby changing the net position of the government with SAMA. Because oil revenues are denominated in dollars, a change in this figure 'Yill also produce a similar change in the foreign reserves of the bank. The relationship between oil revenues, government deposits, and the monetary base distingui ...
Official PDF , 31 pages
Official PDF , 31 pages

final review macro - Open Computing Facility
final review macro - Open Computing Facility

... 49. Balance of Payments = Current Account (CA) + Capital Account (KA) = 0 50. BOP = CA + KA = 0 51. Balance of trade does not equal Balance of payments 52. CA = NX + Net Financial Investment Income + Net Transfer Payments 53. KA = (Change in foreign private assets in the US - Change in private US as ...
Bank Capitalization and Loan Growth
Bank Capitalization and Loan Growth

... A few academic papers have recently indicated that banks with a greater amount of capital tend to lend more as a result of lower funding costs. This evidence has been used to support further increases in capital requirements worldwide, including the proposed inclusion of the global systemically impo ...
Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth

... domestic investment, net foreign investment, or some combination thereof. The reduction in investment reduces the capital stock owned by Americans, and therefore reduces the flow of future capital income. Either the domestic capital stock is reduced (if the reduction in national saving crowds out pr ...
Presentation before the Council of Ministers Erdem Başçı Governor
Presentation before the Council of Ministers Erdem Başçı Governor

... • Deposit terms • FX and gold reserves of CBRT ...
Debt policy in Euro-area countries: Evidence for Germany and Italy
Debt policy in Euro-area countries: Evidence for Germany and Italy

... tests to the United States for the time period from 1960-1984. Other papers followed which also investigated this issue for the United States, some of them confirming Hamilton and Flavin’s result while others reached different conclusions (see e.g. Kremers, 1988, Wilcox, 1989, or Trehan and Walsh, 1 ...
Realignment of the Yen-Dollar Exchange Rate: Aspects of the
Realignment of the Yen-Dollar Exchange Rate: Aspects of the

... accelerated in the future. This adjustment process could be the most profound in Japanese postwar history. As this process gets under way, the costs of adjustment are already apparent throughout the Japanese economy. Unemployment, while still low by international standards, has touched a record 3% l ...
Austria`s External Economic Relations 2010
Austria`s External Economic Relations 2010

... (or raise taxes). Theoretically, a depreciation of domestic currency potentially helps cushion the negative growth effects of a fiscal consolidation; however, in a situation with fiscal consolidation occurring simultaneously in many countries, it is clear that not all countries can depreciate at the ...
O Policy Forum
O Policy Forum

... the bailouts of South Korea, Indonesia, crisis a 5- or 10-year period. Second, the IMF and Thailand. But I don’t know if you realize that those bailouts are possibly the happening at the micro level in the United should be charged with obtaining the folbeginning of something much larger. In my State ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research

... accelerated in the future. This adjustment process could be the most profound in Japanese postwar history. As this process gets under way, the costs of adjustment are already apparent throughout the Japanese economy. Unemployment, while still low by international standards, has touched a record 3% l ...
< 1 ... 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 ... 208 >

Balance of payments

The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BoP or BP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year). These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country . It represents a summation of country's current demand and supply of the claims on foreign currencies and of foreign claims on its currency..These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers.It is prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items.When all components of the BOP accounts are included they must sum to zero with no overall surplus or deficit. For example, if a country is importing more than it exports, its trade balance will be in deficit, but the shortfall will have to be counterbalanced in other ways – such as by funds earned from its foreign investments, by running down central bank reserves or by receiving loans from other countries.While the overall BOP accounts will always balance when all types of payments are included, imbalances are possible on individual elements of the BOP, such as the current account, the capital account excluding the central bank's reserve account, or the sum of the two. Imbalances in the latter sum can result in surplus countries accumulating wealth, while deficit nations become increasingly indebted. The term balance of payments often refers to this sum: a country's balance of payments is said to be in surplus (equivalently, the balance of payments is positive) by a specific amount if sources of funds (such as export goods sold and bonds sold) exceed uses of funds (such as paying for imported goods and paying for foreign bonds purchased) by that amount. There is said to be a balance of payments deficit (the balance of payments is said to be negative) if the former are less than the latter. A BOP surplus (or deficit) is accompanied by an accumulation (or decumulation) of foreign exchange reserves by the central bank.Under a fixed exchange rate system, the central bank accommodates those flows by buying up any net inflow of funds into the country or by providing foreign currency funds to the foreign exchange market to match any international outflow of funds, thus preventing the funds flows from affecting the exchange rate between the country's currency and other currencies. Then the net change per year in the central bank's foreign exchange reserves is sometimes called the balance of payments surplus or deficit. Alternatives to a fixed exchange rate system include a managed float where some changes of exchange rates are allowed, or at the other extreme a purely floating exchange rate (also known as a purely flexible exchange rate). With a pure float the central bank does not intervene at all to protect or devalue its currency, allowing the rate to be set by the market, and the central bank's foreign exchange reserves do not change, and the balance of payments is always zero.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report