Security Scenarios And The Global Economy
... • Dictated by creditors and their short-term needs for repayment • Not designed for the borrowing countries and their need for longer run sustainable growth ...
... • Dictated by creditors and their short-term needs for repayment • Not designed for the borrowing countries and their need for longer run sustainable growth ...
Principality of Liechtenstein `AAA/A- 1+`
... above 100% of GDP at year-end 2014, although we assume that not all of the assets are liquid. In the absence of general government debt, the level of assets also equals Liechtenstein's government's net asset position. We forecast that this will improve continuously to 109% of GDP by 2017. This figur ...
... above 100% of GDP at year-end 2014, although we assume that not all of the assets are liquid. In the absence of general government debt, the level of assets also equals Liechtenstein's government's net asset position. We forecast that this will improve continuously to 109% of GDP by 2017. This figur ...
Technology Trade
... Differences in technology levels account for a major portion of cross-country income and growth disparities (Klenow and Rodríguez-Clare, 1997; Hall and Jones, 1999; Caselli, 2005). While industrialized economies have the advantage in terms of innovation, the majority of the world, which operates bel ...
... Differences in technology levels account for a major portion of cross-country income and growth disparities (Klenow and Rodríguez-Clare, 1997; Hall and Jones, 1999; Caselli, 2005). While industrialized economies have the advantage in terms of innovation, the majority of the world, which operates bel ...
South_America_en.pdf
... The monetary base expanded by nearly 10% in 2005, which was similar to the growth recorded in 2004. This increase reflected a rapid expansion of cash in circulation (29%), which was partly offset by a sharp fall (34%) in commercial bank deposits with the central bank. The comfortable liquidity situa ...
... The monetary base expanded by nearly 10% in 2005, which was similar to the growth recorded in 2004. This increase reflected a rapid expansion of cash in circulation (29%), which was partly offset by a sharp fall (34%) in commercial bank deposits with the central bank. The comfortable liquidity situa ...
the fall and rise of the gold standard
... possible extent under the international gold standard, provided that its clearing system, the bill market, is not sabotaged by the governments, as it was in 1909 when bank notes were made legal tender in Germany and France. In the absence of a gold standard peoples are pitted against one another in ...
... possible extent under the international gold standard, provided that its clearing system, the bill market, is not sabotaged by the governments, as it was in 1909 when bank notes were made legal tender in Germany and France. In the absence of a gold standard peoples are pitted against one another in ...
2. Data by country
... Data for OECD member countries are presented in standard tables. All OECD Member countries compile their accounts according to the 1993 System of National Accounts (1993 SNA) with the exception of Australia which has adopted the 2008 SNA. However, some series may be based on the country’s own system ...
... Data for OECD member countries are presented in standard tables. All OECD Member countries compile their accounts according to the 1993 System of National Accounts (1993 SNA) with the exception of Australia which has adopted the 2008 SNA. However, some series may be based on the country’s own system ...
2.6 - United Nations Statistics Division
... constraints of data availability, time, and resources mean that QNA are usually less complete and reliable than annual national ...
... constraints of data availability, time, and resources mean that QNA are usually less complete and reliable than annual national ...
Trinidad and Tobago: 2006 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Staff Statement;
... (all WHD), and Z. Arvai (MFD) visited Port-of-Spain during July 10–21, 2006. The staff team met with Prime Minister the Hon. Patrick Manning, Ministers Enill and Sahadeo in the Ministry of Finance; Central Bank Governor Williams; other senior government officials; representatives of the private sect ...
... (all WHD), and Z. Arvai (MFD) visited Port-of-Spain during July 10–21, 2006. The staff team met with Prime Minister the Hon. Patrick Manning, Ministers Enill and Sahadeo in the Ministry of Finance; Central Bank Governor Williams; other senior government officials; representatives of the private sect ...
WHY FOREIGN SAVINGS FAIL TO CAUSE GROWTH Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira Paulo Gala
... appreciated exchange rate than the one that would exist in the absence of such a deficit and in the presence of current account equilibrium. On the opposite side, when a country grows with foreign ‘dis-savings’, that is, with current account surplus, it will be managing its exchange rate so as to ke ...
... appreciated exchange rate than the one that would exist in the absence of such a deficit and in the presence of current account equilibrium. On the opposite side, when a country grows with foreign ‘dis-savings’, that is, with current account surplus, it will be managing its exchange rate so as to ke ...
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... significantly more integrated than what a simple analysis of legal restrictions would suggest. In an effort to measure the “true” degree of capital mobility, Feldstein and Horioka (1980) analyzed the behavior of savings and investments in a number of countries. They argue that if there is perfect ca ...
... significantly more integrated than what a simple analysis of legal restrictions would suggest. In an effort to measure the “true” degree of capital mobility, Feldstein and Horioka (1980) analyzed the behavior of savings and investments in a number of countries. They argue that if there is perfect ca ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
... between Korea and its major trading partners have been relatively quickly reflected in the won’s exchange rate against the U.S. dollar. This may very well have been inevitable if Korea’s export prices were to remain competitive while its rate of inflation was relatively high. It was also shown that ...
... between Korea and its major trading partners have been relatively quickly reflected in the won’s exchange rate against the U.S. dollar. This may very well have been inevitable if Korea’s export prices were to remain competitive while its rate of inflation was relatively high. It was also shown that ...
zimbabwe - OECD.org
... imports, the government has then progressively devalued the dollar for the tobacco industry. Since July 2002, tobacco farmers have been granted a subsidy, being allowed to use an exchange rate of Z$159 for every dollar they earn on the tobacco auction floors. However, against a background of almost ...
... imports, the government has then progressively devalued the dollar for the tobacco industry. Since July 2002, tobacco farmers have been granted a subsidy, being allowed to use an exchange rate of Z$159 for every dollar they earn on the tobacco auction floors. However, against a background of almost ...
Management & Engineering Management for Commercial Bank’s Exchange Rate
... From 1994, China adopted a managed floating exchange rate system. After the 1997 Asian financial crisis, in order to prevent financial risks, government further narrowed down exchange rate volatility. As a result, RMB became Pegging to the US dollar in fact. A Managed floating exchange rate system b ...
... From 1994, China adopted a managed floating exchange rate system. After the 1997 Asian financial crisis, in order to prevent financial risks, government further narrowed down exchange rate volatility. As a result, RMB became Pegging to the US dollar in fact. A Managed floating exchange rate system b ...
The Global Economic Environment
... 53) What are exchange rates? How do they affect the global economy? Answer: Exchange rates are the price of one currency in terms of another. If exchange rates change, so do the prices of exports and imports. Countries whose exchange rates are depreciating will find their exports becoming more price ...
... 53) What are exchange rates? How do they affect the global economy? Answer: Exchange rates are the price of one currency in terms of another. If exchange rates change, so do the prices of exports and imports. Countries whose exchange rates are depreciating will find their exports becoming more price ...
Choice of Exchange Rate Regime and Innovation of Risk
... From 1994, China adopted a managed floating exchange rate system. After the 1997 Asian financial crisis, in order to prevent financial risks, government further narrowed down exchange rate volatility. As a result, RMB became Pegging to the US dollar in fact. A Managed floating exchange rate system b ...
... From 1994, China adopted a managed floating exchange rate system. After the 1997 Asian financial crisis, in order to prevent financial risks, government further narrowed down exchange rate volatility. As a result, RMB became Pegging to the US dollar in fact. A Managed floating exchange rate system b ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE LONG OR SHORT OF IT:
... variation in foreign currency exposure: richer, more open economies take longer positions in foreign currency. This means these countries experience gains when their currency depreciates and losses when it appreciates. Once the cross-sectional variation is eliminated by including a set of country …x ...
... variation in foreign currency exposure: richer, more open economies take longer positions in foreign currency. This means these countries experience gains when their currency depreciates and losses when it appreciates. Once the cross-sectional variation is eliminated by including a set of country …x ...
Why Do Consumer Prices React Less Than Import Prices to
... where imported goods are intermediate goods. Although we have no doubt that local distribution costs are an important part of the explanation for the lower degree of pass-through to consumer prices, here we will abstract from that explanation by assuming that imported intermediate goods are not mixe ...
... where imported goods are intermediate goods. Although we have no doubt that local distribution costs are an important part of the explanation for the lower degree of pass-through to consumer prices, here we will abstract from that explanation by assuming that imported intermediate goods are not mixe ...
Survey_5e_Ch6_Lecture
... • Assume that on December 31, 2009, the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts for ExTone Company has a negative balance of $3,250. In addition, ExTone estimates that 3/4% of 2009 credit sales will be uncollectible. Credit sales for the year ...
... • Assume that on December 31, 2009, the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts for ExTone Company has a negative balance of $3,250. In addition, ExTone estimates that 3/4% of 2009 credit sales will be uncollectible. Credit sales for the year ...
Deficits And Debt - CERGE-EI
... Crowding-out is the reduction in private-sector borrowing (and spending) caused by increased government borrowing. Crowding out implies less private-sector output. ...
... Crowding-out is the reduction in private-sector borrowing (and spending) caused by increased government borrowing. Crowding out implies less private-sector output. ...
Socialist People`s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: 2009 Article IV
... favorable sovereign ratings assigned to the country earlier this year by international rating agencies. At the same time, important challenges remain to be addressed in order to achieve the authorities’ objectives of increasing non-oil growth and creating viable employment opportunities. These chall ...
... favorable sovereign ratings assigned to the country earlier this year by international rating agencies. At the same time, important challenges remain to be addressed in order to achieve the authorities’ objectives of increasing non-oil growth and creating viable employment opportunities. These chall ...
The Episodes of Currency Crises in the European Transition
... Most crisis episodes in the former communist countries fit nicely with the ”first generation” canonical model elaborated in 1979 by Paul Krugman and developed in 1980s by other economists. In this model, fiscal imbalances are the main factor leading to depleting international reserves of the central ...
... Most crisis episodes in the former communist countries fit nicely with the ”first generation” canonical model elaborated in 1979 by Paul Krugman and developed in 1980s by other economists. In this model, fiscal imbalances are the main factor leading to depleting international reserves of the central ...
what does the international monetary fund(imf) do?
... What is the SDR? • The SDR, or Special Drawing Rights, is an international reserve asset that member countries can add to their foreign currency and gold reserves and use for payments requiring foreign exchange. • Its value is set daily using a basket of four major currencies: the euro, Japanese ye ...
... What is the SDR? • The SDR, or Special Drawing Rights, is an international reserve asset that member countries can add to their foreign currency and gold reserves and use for payments requiring foreign exchange. • Its value is set daily using a basket of four major currencies: the euro, Japanese ye ...
When Contractionary Fiscal Policy Is Expansionary - ANU Press
... must depreciate, as there would odierwise be an excess demand for foreign cur rency, or, equivalendy, an excess supply of local currency in die foreign exchange market. In odier words, sustainability of a current account deficit stemming from fiscal expansion depends on whether foreign investors su ...
... must depreciate, as there would odierwise be an excess demand for foreign cur rency, or, equivalendy, an excess supply of local currency in die foreign exchange market. In odier words, sustainability of a current account deficit stemming from fiscal expansion depends on whether foreign investors su ...
Presentation to 2015 WG meeting on OBI results
... • Russian Federation - all oil and gas revenues received in excess of a certain level are sent to reserve fund. • Belarus - there is a target to reduce the tax burden to 26% of GDP by 2016. • Georgia - the organic budget law prohibits the growth of any tax rate, except excise tax. • Bulgaria – surpl ...
... • Russian Federation - all oil and gas revenues received in excess of a certain level are sent to reserve fund. • Belarus - there is a target to reduce the tax burden to 26% of GDP by 2016. • Georgia - the organic budget law prohibits the growth of any tax rate, except excise tax. • Bulgaria – surpl ...