• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Policy Brief 14-25: Estimates of Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange
Policy Brief 14-25: Estimates of Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange

... 2010 dollars. The seeming new normal of $100 per barrel or more by 2007 and after (excepting the temporary price collapse in the Great Recession) was plausible given the combination of dynamic growth in the emerging markets (especially China) and the diagnosis of “peak oil,” whereby total world outp ...
Statistical Appendix
Statistical Appendix

... the 2010 budget, adjusted for financial sector support and differences in macroeconomic assumptions between the IMF staff and the authorities. So far during 2010, the government has injected about €22 billion in capital to banks. The Central Statistics Office of Ireland has determined that €8.3 bill ...
Chapter 12 LECTURE NOTES
Chapter 12 LECTURE NOTES

... 1. To do this, the Fed changes the nation’s money supply. 2. To change money supply, the Fed manipulates size of excess reserves held by banks. C. Monetary policy has a very powerful impact on the economy, and the Chairman of the Fed’s Board of Governors, Alan Greenspan currently, is sometimes calle ...
Seasonally adjusted government deficit down  Second quarter of 2014
Seasonally adjusted government deficit down Second quarter of 2014

... 1. Data for the euro area and EU aggregates are working day and seasonally adjusted by Eurostat using an indirect approach (by country) for total revenue and total expenditure. Both revenue and expenditure exhibit a clear seasonal pattern. The surplus (+)/deficit (-) is derived indirectly from the a ...
PPT
PPT

... Output is valued as the sum of the cost of production: - Compensation of employees - Intermediate consumption - Consumption of fixed capital - Other taxes(less subsidies) on production ...
The Measurement of Money Supply
The Measurement of Money Supply

... current account deposit liabilities of commercial banks held for transactive purposes.3 It may also include some foreign currency deposits that are used for domestic transactions. This definition implies that only assets that are directly used in making payments should be considered as money. It sho ...
intertemporal analysis of foreign borrowing An for developing economies* –
intertemporal analysis of foreign borrowing An for developing economies* –

... Oxford University, UK ...
420 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF STABILIZATION POLICIES
420 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF STABILIZATION POLICIES

... to aggregate demand changes than the latter. Moreover, government price ceilings are usually directed largely towards traditional goods because of their importance as basic wage goods for modern sector laborers. Therefore, the real wage in terms of traditional goods can vary much less than the real ...
Faculty Research Working Papers Series
Faculty Research Working Papers Series

... rates. What do these risks imply for policy decisions? In addition, questions can be raised about the fiscal-monetary policy mix currently in place. The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) has keenly defended operating under an inflation targeting rule. But in an economy with supply shocks, a strict i ...
Financials Module: General Ledger
Financials Module: General Ledger

... You can record entries for anticipated transactions that are unrelated to a specific order or invoice (e.g., salaries, loan repayments), as well as for forecasted or fictitious transactions. These transactions can then be included in the various cash flow forecast reports without affecting account b ...
Currency Union and Foreign Direct Investment Inflow: Evidence from
Currency Union and Foreign Direct Investment Inflow: Evidence from

... currency is a very credible commitment to exchange rate stability and has the advantage of reducing transaction costs that would otherwise occur, irrespective of the degree of volatility (Petroulas, 2006). This promotes trade among member countries compared to those from outside the union. The price ...
5. Exchange rate stability
5. Exchange rate stability

... equilibrium between the deficit in trade in goods on one side and a surplus in trade in services together with a positive balance of current transfers on the other side. The Slovenian current account balance in 2005 recorded a deficit of 1.1 percent of GDP, down from 2.1 percent in 2004. This improv ...
Service Business - Computer Basics a Review
Service Business - Computer Basics a Review

... Transportation Costs on Purchases: When a company purchases goods and services there is usually transportation cost involved in getting the goods delivered to the company. This additional cost can be dealt with in two different ways: 1. If the Transportation Costs are directly related to inventory a ...
4.  S D
4. S D

... index posted a modest fall quarter-on-quarter. Due to the recent tightening in financial conditions coupled with the measures taken, the growth rate of consumer loans lost pace. Accordingly, the current data on the domestic sales of white goods and automobiles indicated a dramatic decline. Analysis ...
algierslessprocyclical
algierslessprocyclical

... volatility should be solved by international financial markets. Countries should borrow during temporary downturns, to sustain consumption and investment, and should repay or accumulate net foreign assets during temporary upturns. In practice, it does not always work this way. Capital flows are more ...
Summary of Economic Survey 2016-17
Summary of Economic Survey 2016-17

... holding back investment and credit growth and hence overall economic activity.  The need for countercyclical policy cannot therefore be ruled out.  Two episodes of Indian macro vulnerability in the last 35 years—1991 and 2013—were associated with, even preceded by, large increases in fiscal defici ...
Economic environment - World Trade Organization
Economic environment - World Trade Organization

... Qatar's annual inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) have been relatively erratic over the last few years, moving from US$113 million in 1999 to a peak of US$631 million in 2002, and then decreasing to about US$400 million in 2003. However, as percentage of GDP, the stock of FDI has been increa ...
Foreign Currency Exposure and Hedging in Australia
Foreign Currency Exposure and Hedging in Australia

... foreign currency assets relative to foreign currency liabilities (the converse is true for an appreciation). This is true even before any hedging of these foreign currency positions is taken into account. Notwithstanding the net foreign currency asset position for the economy as a whole, some indivi ...
PDF Version - Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
PDF Version - Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis

... this constraint into account. Again we face each borrower with arbitrary terms of trade and ask what she or he would like to do, but now the implied budget set is as shown in Figure 4. It follows quite generally that for all values of R(t) less than or equal to some critical value, total desired bo ...
Slide 1 - Amazon Web Services
Slide 1 - Amazon Web Services

... “Our recent growth although welcome has been unbalanced and based on strong commodity prices, strong capital inflows and strong domestic consumer demand, which has increased imports and strengthened the currency way beyond desirable levels”. ...
Download Executive Summary
Download Executive Summary

... flight, the net errors and omissions or the Hot Money Narrow (HMN) measure, which is part of the balance of payments, permits a sharper focus on illicit flows. Hence, we use the HMN method in line with those followed by the Central Bank of Russia and used in IMF country reports. That said, we point ...
Macroeconomic Implication of Currency Management in Nigeria
Macroeconomic Implication of Currency Management in Nigeria

... It has been indicated in the literature that one of the reasons adduced for currency restructuring is the need to fight inflation. The literature, has however established that, the fundamentals of the economy which determine sustainable economic growth are prudent fiscal and monetary policies. In ef ...
Chapter 1 U G F
Chapter 1 U G F

... government, all loans raised by issue Article 267 (1) of the Constitution is in the nature of of treasury bills, internal and external an imprest placed at the disposal of the President to loans and all moneys received by the enable him to make advances to meet urgent Government in repayment of loan ...
Balance sheet recession is the reason for `secular stagnation`
Balance sheet recession is the reason for `secular stagnation`

... understand balance sheet recessions are quick to argue that politicians are wasting taxpayers’ money on useless projects to win re-election. For the past 20 years, the Japanese media and orthodox academics have self-righteously and almost reflexively equated fiscal stimulus with pork-barrel politics ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FISCAL PREREQUISITES FOR A VIABLE A NON-TECHNICAL
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FISCAL PREREQUISITES FOR A VIABLE A NON-TECHNICAL

... the consolidated public sector, for closed and open economies. It then discusses the new conventional wisdom concerning the fiscal roots of inflation and the budgetary prerequisites for generating and stopping hyperinflation. The popular rational expectations "Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic" model ...
< 1 ... 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 ... 208 >

Balance of payments

The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BoP or BP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year). These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country . It represents a summation of country's current demand and supply of the claims on foreign currencies and of foreign claims on its currency..These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers.It is prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items.When all components of the BOP accounts are included they must sum to zero with no overall surplus or deficit. For example, if a country is importing more than it exports, its trade balance will be in deficit, but the shortfall will have to be counterbalanced in other ways – such as by funds earned from its foreign investments, by running down central bank reserves or by receiving loans from other countries.While the overall BOP accounts will always balance when all types of payments are included, imbalances are possible on individual elements of the BOP, such as the current account, the capital account excluding the central bank's reserve account, or the sum of the two. Imbalances in the latter sum can result in surplus countries accumulating wealth, while deficit nations become increasingly indebted. The term balance of payments often refers to this sum: a country's balance of payments is said to be in surplus (equivalently, the balance of payments is positive) by a specific amount if sources of funds (such as export goods sold and bonds sold) exceed uses of funds (such as paying for imported goods and paying for foreign bonds purchased) by that amount. There is said to be a balance of payments deficit (the balance of payments is said to be negative) if the former are less than the latter. A BOP surplus (or deficit) is accompanied by an accumulation (or decumulation) of foreign exchange reserves by the central bank.Under a fixed exchange rate system, the central bank accommodates those flows by buying up any net inflow of funds into the country or by providing foreign currency funds to the foreign exchange market to match any international outflow of funds, thus preventing the funds flows from affecting the exchange rate between the country's currency and other currencies. Then the net change per year in the central bank's foreign exchange reserves is sometimes called the balance of payments surplus or deficit. Alternatives to a fixed exchange rate system include a managed float where some changes of exchange rates are allowed, or at the other extreme a purely floating exchange rate (also known as a purely flexible exchange rate). With a pure float the central bank does not intervene at all to protect or devalue its currency, allowing the rate to be set by the market, and the central bank's foreign exchange reserves do not change, and the balance of payments is always zero.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report