Rubisco
... This antiporter removes dihydroxyacetone phosphate from stroma into cytosol, importing Pi into stroma to ensure continuous supply of inorganic phosphate for photophosphorylation ATP synthesis. It will also move NADPH synthesized by photorespiration into cytosol. NADPH will be converted to NADH durin ...
... This antiporter removes dihydroxyacetone phosphate from stroma into cytosol, importing Pi into stroma to ensure continuous supply of inorganic phosphate for photophosphorylation ATP synthesis. It will also move NADPH synthesized by photorespiration into cytosol. NADPH will be converted to NADH durin ...
CHAPTER 6: Energy for Muscular Activity
... resynthesis; ADP; a free phosphate group; ATP 3. Another high-energy compound in the muscle cell known as _________ can be broken down to produce _________ and creatine. The _________ then bonds with _________ to reform ATP. Answer: creatine phosphate; a free phosphate group; free phosphate group; A ...
... resynthesis; ADP; a free phosphate group; ATP 3. Another high-energy compound in the muscle cell known as _________ can be broken down to produce _________ and creatine. The _________ then bonds with _________ to reform ATP. Answer: creatine phosphate; a free phosphate group; free phosphate group; A ...
CHAPTER 7
... C) A specific enzyme is involved in the breakdown of glycogen or glucose in the presence of oxygen. D) Lactic acid is produced when the rate of work is high. E) Energy production is limited by lactic acid accumulation. Answer: C 11. The resynthesis of ATP by the aerobic system takes place in cell or ...
... C) A specific enzyme is involved in the breakdown of glycogen or glucose in the presence of oxygen. D) Lactic acid is produced when the rate of work is high. E) Energy production is limited by lactic acid accumulation. Answer: C 11. The resynthesis of ATP by the aerobic system takes place in cell or ...
Module 13 Enzymes and Vitamins Lecture 34 Enzymes
... These binding process also force the substrate to adopt a specific conformation which is ideal for the reaction with nucleophile and catalytic amino acids. Furthermore, the binding between the substrate and enzyme is that important bonds in the substrate may be strained and weakened, allowing the re ...
... These binding process also force the substrate to adopt a specific conformation which is ideal for the reaction with nucleophile and catalytic amino acids. Furthermore, the binding between the substrate and enzyme is that important bonds in the substrate may be strained and weakened, allowing the re ...
ppt
... • Gln, Gly, Asp are donors of C and N atoms • CO2 is a source of C • C1 units are transferred via tetrahydrofolate „Salvage pathway“: • purines from normal turnover of cellular NA can be converted to nucleoside triphosphates • substrates: purine bases, PRPP, ATP ...
... • Gln, Gly, Asp are donors of C and N atoms • CO2 is a source of C • C1 units are transferred via tetrahydrofolate „Salvage pathway“: • purines from normal turnover of cellular NA can be converted to nucleoside triphosphates • substrates: purine bases, PRPP, ATP ...
Studies on the Fate of Isotopically Labeled
... have no other choice than to combine with an elec tron acceptor such as pyruvic acid to form lactic acid. Many objections to this hypothesis could be offered, but probably the most serious one is that oxygen consumption is relatively normal in tu mors; if the normal electron transport mechanism does ...
... have no other choice than to combine with an elec tron acceptor such as pyruvic acid to form lactic acid. Many objections to this hypothesis could be offered, but probably the most serious one is that oxygen consumption is relatively normal in tu mors; if the normal electron transport mechanism does ...
Enzymes - دانشکده پزشکی
... • Inhibitors (negative effectors) – Decrease the velocity of reaction – Stop the enzyme • Irreversible • Reversible – Competitive – Non-competitive – Uncompetitive ...
... • Inhibitors (negative effectors) – Decrease the velocity of reaction – Stop the enzyme • Irreversible • Reversible – Competitive – Non-competitive – Uncompetitive ...
A CBS domain-containing pyrophosphatase of Moorella
... PPi (inorganic pyrophosphate) is produced in vast amounts by biosynthetic reactions, such as protein, RNA and DNA synthesis, and its concentration affects the equilibria of these reactions [1]. In addition, PPi regulates many other cellular processes, including calcification, cell proliferation and ...
... PPi (inorganic pyrophosphate) is produced in vast amounts by biosynthetic reactions, such as protein, RNA and DNA synthesis, and its concentration affects the equilibria of these reactions [1]. In addition, PPi regulates many other cellular processes, including calcification, cell proliferation and ...
File
... end product, ethanol, still has a lot of potential chemical energy. When mammalian muscle tissues are rapidly using ATP, they can regenerate it almost entirely by anaerobic glycolysis and lactate fermentation. A great deal of glucose is used but this process is not as wasteful as ethanol fermentatio ...
... end product, ethanol, still has a lot of potential chemical energy. When mammalian muscle tissues are rapidly using ATP, they can regenerate it almost entirely by anaerobic glycolysis and lactate fermentation. A great deal of glucose is used but this process is not as wasteful as ethanol fermentatio ...
Pavel Doležal
... possessing double-membrane bound organelles such as hydrogen-producing hydrogenosomes and newly characterized organelles, the mitosomes. These organelles were suggested to evolve either from a common pro-mitochondrial endosymbiont, or they represent highly modified or reduced mitochondria. Although ...
... possessing double-membrane bound organelles such as hydrogen-producing hydrogenosomes and newly characterized organelles, the mitosomes. These organelles were suggested to evolve either from a common pro-mitochondrial endosymbiont, or they represent highly modified or reduced mitochondria. Although ...
Pavel Doležal
... possessing double-membrane bound organelles such as hydrogen-producing hydrogenosomes and newly characterized organelles, the mitosomes. These organelles were suggested to evolve either from a common pro-mitochondrial endosymbiont, or they represent highly modified or reduced mitochondria. Although ...
... possessing double-membrane bound organelles such as hydrogen-producing hydrogenosomes and newly characterized organelles, the mitosomes. These organelles were suggested to evolve either from a common pro-mitochondrial endosymbiont, or they represent highly modified or reduced mitochondria. Although ...
What Is Food Science? - NFSC Faculty Website
... biomedical field entered the picture and ruined what food scientists have been doing for years with the OMEGA (w) system (or “n” fatty acids). With this system, you count just the opposite. Begin counting with the methyl end Now the 15=16 double bond is a 3=4 double bond or as the biomedical f ...
... biomedical field entered the picture and ruined what food scientists have been doing for years with the OMEGA (w) system (or “n” fatty acids). With this system, you count just the opposite. Begin counting with the methyl end Now the 15=16 double bond is a 3=4 double bond or as the biomedical f ...
Nucleotides
... The immediate donors of hydrogen atoms needed for reduction of 2`-OH are two –SH groups on the enzyme itself, which during reaction form a disulfide bond. ...
... The immediate donors of hydrogen atoms needed for reduction of 2`-OH are two –SH groups on the enzyme itself, which during reaction form a disulfide bond. ...
CYP74C3 and CYP74A1, plant cytochrome P450 enzymes whose
... CYP74C3 and CYP74A1 are monomeric proteins with dual specificity Analysis of the oligomeric state of CYP74A1 (Figure 1a) and CYP74C3 (Figure 1b) in the absence of detergent has demonstrated for the first time that both CYP74 enzymes are highly water-soluble and monomeric proteins of molecular mass ap ...
... CYP74C3 and CYP74A1 are monomeric proteins with dual specificity Analysis of the oligomeric state of CYP74A1 (Figure 1a) and CYP74C3 (Figure 1b) in the absence of detergent has demonstrated for the first time that both CYP74 enzymes are highly water-soluble and monomeric proteins of molecular mass ap ...
Vol. 147, No. 3, 1987 September 30, 1987 BIOCHEMICAL AND
... nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo californica electric organ is incubated with [~-32p]ATP/Mg2+, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) is formed from receptor associated phosphatidylinositol ( P I ) . This receptor associated endogenous kinase activity is enhanced by orthovanadate and, rem ...
... nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo californica electric organ is incubated with [~-32p]ATP/Mg2+, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) is formed from receptor associated phosphatidylinositol ( P I ) . This receptor associated endogenous kinase activity is enhanced by orthovanadate and, rem ...
Enzymes
... formed. ●If reactants do not have enough energy, no reaction will take place. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... formed. ●If reactants do not have enough energy, no reaction will take place. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
Transition
... energy barrier between substrate S and transition state • Rate acceleration by an enzyme means that the energy barrier between ES and EX‡ must be smaller than the barrier between S and X‡ • This means that the enzyme must stabilize the EX‡ transition state more than it stabilizes ES →Enzymes bind th ...
... energy barrier between substrate S and transition state • Rate acceleration by an enzyme means that the energy barrier between ES and EX‡ must be smaller than the barrier between S and X‡ • This means that the enzyme must stabilize the EX‡ transition state more than it stabilizes ES →Enzymes bind th ...
The rocky roots of the acetyl
... electron-delivering hydrogenases [FeNi]-hydrogenase [22] and iron-only [Fe]-hydrogenase [23], the proposed active site of which is called the ‘H-cluster’. In other words, the structure and atomic coordination of catalytically essential (Fe,Ni)S centres of (Fe,Ni)S proteins are not inventions of the ...
... electron-delivering hydrogenases [FeNi]-hydrogenase [22] and iron-only [Fe]-hydrogenase [23], the proposed active site of which is called the ‘H-cluster’. In other words, the structure and atomic coordination of catalytically essential (Fe,Ni)S centres of (Fe,Ni)S proteins are not inventions of the ...
Malpighian tubules and formation of uric acid
... movement of potassium ions, which move from the haemolymph, into the epithelial cells and then out into the tubule lumen also. The epithelial cells have microvilli projecting into the tubule lumen and are rich in mitochondria which produce the ATP required by the pumps. Removal of the protons from t ...
... movement of potassium ions, which move from the haemolymph, into the epithelial cells and then out into the tubule lumen also. The epithelial cells have microvilli projecting into the tubule lumen and are rich in mitochondria which produce the ATP required by the pumps. Removal of the protons from t ...
Hormonal regulation and pathologies of carbohydrate metabolism
... High levels of ATP allosterically inhibit the phosphofructokinase 1 in the liver lowering its affinity for fructose 6-phosphate. AMP reverses the inhibitory action of ATP, and so the activity of the enzyme increases when the ATP/AMP ratio is lowered (glycolysis is stimulated as the energy charge fa ...
... High levels of ATP allosterically inhibit the phosphofructokinase 1 in the liver lowering its affinity for fructose 6-phosphate. AMP reverses the inhibitory action of ATP, and so the activity of the enzyme increases when the ATP/AMP ratio is lowered (glycolysis is stimulated as the energy charge fa ...
photosynthesis in higher plants
... Z-Scheme/Non-cyclic PhotophosphorylationBoth PS - I and PS - II are involved in Non cyclic photophosphorylation. So It occurs at grana thylakoids on not in stroma thylaloids because stroma thylakoids lack PS -II as well as NADP reductase enzymes Primary e– acceptor from PS -II is pheophytin, which p ...
... Z-Scheme/Non-cyclic PhotophosphorylationBoth PS - I and PS - II are involved in Non cyclic photophosphorylation. So It occurs at grana thylakoids on not in stroma thylaloids because stroma thylakoids lack PS -II as well as NADP reductase enzymes Primary e– acceptor from PS -II is pheophytin, which p ...
Biochemistry Biochemistry is a science concerning the chemical
... The key problems: Oxidative fates of pyruvate – oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (reaction, enzymes, coenzymes, regulation of this cycle). The energetics of the TCA cycle. Cellular bioenergetics: the compounds containing high-energy bo ...
... The key problems: Oxidative fates of pyruvate – oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (reaction, enzymes, coenzymes, regulation of this cycle). The energetics of the TCA cycle. Cellular bioenergetics: the compounds containing high-energy bo ...
Biochemistry Biochemistry is a science concerning the chemical
... generation of ATP from glucose (complete aerobic oxidation of glucose, anaerobic glycolysis). Oxidative phosphorylation. The electron-transport chain. Chemiosmotic model of ATP synthesis. The structure of protein complexes of the electron-transport chain. Respiratory chain inhibitors, chemical uncou ...
... generation of ATP from glucose (complete aerobic oxidation of glucose, anaerobic glycolysis). Oxidative phosphorylation. The electron-transport chain. Chemiosmotic model of ATP synthesis. The structure of protein complexes of the electron-transport chain. Respiratory chain inhibitors, chemical uncou ...
Biochemistry Biochemistry is a science concerning the chemical
... The key problems: Oxidative fates of pyruvate – oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (reaction, enzymes, coenzymes, regulation of this cycle). The energetics of the TCA cycle. Cellular bioenergetics: the compounds containing high-energy bo ...
... The key problems: Oxidative fates of pyruvate – oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (reaction, enzymes, coenzymes, regulation of this cycle). The energetics of the TCA cycle. Cellular bioenergetics: the compounds containing high-energy bo ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.