CHEMISTRY 123-07 Midterm #1 – Answer key October 14, 2010
... 31. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per volume of solution in liters. 32. Ions that contain atoms of more than one element are called polyatomic ions. 33. Proton donors are known as Brønsted acids. 34. A compound that forms between a non-metal and a non-metal is a molecular comp ...
... 31. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per volume of solution in liters. 32. Ions that contain atoms of more than one element are called polyatomic ions. 33. Proton donors are known as Brønsted acids. 34. A compound that forms between a non-metal and a non-metal is a molecular comp ...
" Enzymes "
... energy to attain an activated condition called the “transition state”, in which the probability of making or breaking a chemical bond to form the product is very high. The transition state is the top of the energy barrier separating the reactants and products. The rate of a given reaction will vary ...
... energy to attain an activated condition called the “transition state”, in which the probability of making or breaking a chemical bond to form the product is very high. The transition state is the top of the energy barrier separating the reactants and products. The rate of a given reaction will vary ...
Anatomy of a Cell :
... Finally, consider the cytoplasm. Once considered merely the aqueous environment in which the “important” molecules or organelles floated, it is now better understood to be filled with important structural and transport elements (fig. 4). The cytoskeleton provides not only an internal physical struct ...
... Finally, consider the cytoplasm. Once considered merely the aqueous environment in which the “important” molecules or organelles floated, it is now better understood to be filled with important structural and transport elements (fig. 4). The cytoskeleton provides not only an internal physical struct ...
a new equation for calculating the number of atp molecules
... complex with colipase protein. This protein is crucial for the activity of the enzyme pancreatic lipase. For an optimal activity of the complex, fatty acids should be in a water-fat environment. This is achieved by emulsifying the fatty acids by bile salts. The products of triglycerides, free fatty ...
... complex with colipase protein. This protein is crucial for the activity of the enzyme pancreatic lipase. For an optimal activity of the complex, fatty acids should be in a water-fat environment. This is achieved by emulsifying the fatty acids by bile salts. The products of triglycerides, free fatty ...
Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism
... as glycogen in the liver and the muscles, Insulin also promotes converting glucose into triacylglycerides and the storage of triacylglycerides in the adipose tissue. Insulin also promotes protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Insulin also promotes utilization of glucose as fuel. The release of insul ...
... as glycogen in the liver and the muscles, Insulin also promotes converting glucose into triacylglycerides and the storage of triacylglycerides in the adipose tissue. Insulin also promotes protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Insulin also promotes utilization of glucose as fuel. The release of insul ...
Enzymes
... • Enzymes are globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions • Without enzymes to catalyze them, many chemical processes happen at a very slow rate in living organisms • By making some enzymes and not others, cells can control what chemical reactions happen in their cytoplasm ...
... • Enzymes are globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions • Without enzymes to catalyze them, many chemical processes happen at a very slow rate in living organisms • By making some enzymes and not others, cells can control what chemical reactions happen in their cytoplasm ...
100 Pectin is a complex polysaccharide consisting mainly of
... sources, maximum enzyme production was observed with Ammonium chloride (inorganic N source) and Beef extract (organic N source), between 72 to 96 hrs. Of the two natural carbon sources tested, the banana peel powder yielded higher enzyme compared to the orange peel powder during the same period. A r ...
... sources, maximum enzyme production was observed with Ammonium chloride (inorganic N source) and Beef extract (organic N source), between 72 to 96 hrs. Of the two natural carbon sources tested, the banana peel powder yielded higher enzyme compared to the orange peel powder during the same period. A r ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
... Glyceraldehyde‐3‐P and fructose‐6‐P may be converted to glucose‐6‐P, via enzymes of gluconeogenesis, for reentry to Pentose Phosphate Pathway, maximizing formation of NADPH, which is need for reductive biosynthesis. ...
... Glyceraldehyde‐3‐P and fructose‐6‐P may be converted to glucose‐6‐P, via enzymes of gluconeogenesis, for reentry to Pentose Phosphate Pathway, maximizing formation of NADPH, which is need for reductive biosynthesis. ...
Butyrate formation from glucose by the rumen protozoon Dasytricha
... Production of butyrate by the holotrich protozoon Dasytricha ruminantium involves the enzymes of glycolysis, pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, acetyl-CoA: acetylCoA C-acetyltransferase, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydro-lyase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA reductase, phosphate butyr ...
... Production of butyrate by the holotrich protozoon Dasytricha ruminantium involves the enzymes of glycolysis, pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, acetyl-CoA: acetylCoA C-acetyltransferase, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydro-lyase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA reductase, phosphate butyr ...
Balancing Reaction Equations Oxidation State Reduction
... change states in this step. Be sure the equation is balanced for both atoms and charge. • Write the net ionic equation by removing the spectators. Reduce coefficients to lowest terms. Be sure the equation is balanced for both atoms and charge. ...
... change states in this step. Be sure the equation is balanced for both atoms and charge. • Write the net ionic equation by removing the spectators. Reduce coefficients to lowest terms. Be sure the equation is balanced for both atoms and charge. ...
Notes on EMF affecting melatonin via nitric oxide
... the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT), is irreversibly inactivated by nitric oxide (NO). We have expressed brain TPH as a recombinant glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein and delineated the catalytic domain of the enzyme as the region spanning amino acids 99-444. Highly purified TPH catalytic co ...
... the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT), is irreversibly inactivated by nitric oxide (NO). We have expressed brain TPH as a recombinant glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein and delineated the catalytic domain of the enzyme as the region spanning amino acids 99-444. Highly purified TPH catalytic co ...
Studying Enzyme Kinetics by Means of Progress - Beilstein
... under well-controlled in vitro conditions. This procedure usually ends up in the formulation of a rate law representing a mathematical expression relating the reaction velocity to the concentration of reactants and other metabolites that may function as effectors (activators or inhibitors) of the en ...
... under well-controlled in vitro conditions. This procedure usually ends up in the formulation of a rate law representing a mathematical expression relating the reaction velocity to the concentration of reactants and other metabolites that may function as effectors (activators or inhibitors) of the en ...
Conversion of amino acids to specialized products
... Dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline)and epinephrin (adrenaline) are biologically active amines and are collectively called as Catecholeamines. * Dopamine and norepinephrine functions as a neurotransmitters. Outside the nervous system, norepinephrine and its methylated derivative, epinephrine reg ...
... Dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline)and epinephrin (adrenaline) are biologically active amines and are collectively called as Catecholeamines. * Dopamine and norepinephrine functions as a neurotransmitters. Outside the nervous system, norepinephrine and its methylated derivative, epinephrine reg ...
Q1. Babies find it difficult to digest proteins in their food. Baby food
... He tries four new enzymes, W, X, Y and Z, to see if he can reduce the time taken to predigest the protein. The graph shows the time taken for the enzymes to completely pre-digest the protein. The manufacturer uses the same concentration of enzyme and the same mass of protein in each experiment. ...
... He tries four new enzymes, W, X, Y and Z, to see if he can reduce the time taken to predigest the protein. The graph shows the time taken for the enzymes to completely pre-digest the protein. The manufacturer uses the same concentration of enzyme and the same mass of protein in each experiment. ...
Theoretical Approaches to the Evolutionary Optimization of Glycolysis
... (a) Anaerobiosis. The whole process cannot depend on any external electron source or sink; redox reactions can of course occur but, in the global process, the initial substrate must have the same global oxidation degree as the end product. (b) Exergonism. On the basis of a given reasonable set of ex ...
... (a) Anaerobiosis. The whole process cannot depend on any external electron source or sink; redox reactions can of course occur but, in the global process, the initial substrate must have the same global oxidation degree as the end product. (b) Exergonism. On the basis of a given reasonable set of ex ...
ENZYME WEBQUEST
... Induced Fit 17. Observe the INDUCED FIT ANIMATION and describe what happens below: ...
... Induced Fit 17. Observe the INDUCED FIT ANIMATION and describe what happens below: ...
PURINE & PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM
... purine synthesis. IMP is synthesized and could make AMP or GMP. It happens in almost most cells’ cytosol except human brain,polymorphonuclear leukocytes and ...
... purine synthesis. IMP is synthesized and could make AMP or GMP. It happens in almost most cells’ cytosol except human brain,polymorphonuclear leukocytes and ...
Variation in the link between oxygen consumption and ATP
... high-energy phosphate bonds in molecules of ATP. ATP is the principal energy source for most cellular functions, such as DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, cell division, signalling transduction pathways, muscle contractile activities, and active transport across the cell membrane [39]. The main sites ...
... high-energy phosphate bonds in molecules of ATP. ATP is the principal energy source for most cellular functions, such as DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, cell division, signalling transduction pathways, muscle contractile activities, and active transport across the cell membrane [39]. The main sites ...
Energy and cellular metabolism
... Why then can’t biologists, knowing the characteristics of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, explain how combinations of these molecules acquire the remarkable attributes of a living cell? How can living cells carry out processes that far exceed what we would predict from understand ...
... Why then can’t biologists, knowing the characteristics of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, explain how combinations of these molecules acquire the remarkable attributes of a living cell? How can living cells carry out processes that far exceed what we would predict from understand ...
Nucleotide File
... thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, in each case because of the unique structures of the bases. ...
... thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, in each case because of the unique structures of the bases. ...
Topic guide 1.2: Enzymes
... This in turn will increase the rate of reaction and so the products will be formed more quickly. However, applying too much heat can cause enzymes to denature. The increased vibrations and collisions put strains on the bonds of the tertiary structure and can break the hydrogen and ionic bonds. The b ...
... This in turn will increase the rate of reaction and so the products will be formed more quickly. However, applying too much heat can cause enzymes to denature. The increased vibrations and collisions put strains on the bonds of the tertiary structure and can break the hydrogen and ionic bonds. The b ...
Practice - Univerzita Karlova v Praze
... Normal human blood plasma contains all the amino acids require for the synthesis of body proteins, but not in equal concentration. Alanine and glutamine are present in much higher concentrations than other amino acids. Suggest why? Answer : Muscle tissue can convert amino acids to their keto acids p ...
... Normal human blood plasma contains all the amino acids require for the synthesis of body proteins, but not in equal concentration. Alanine and glutamine are present in much higher concentrations than other amino acids. Suggest why? Answer : Muscle tissue can convert amino acids to their keto acids p ...
Vacuoles - Plant Physiology
... findings. Uptake was highly sensitive to external pH (Fig. 2), and sugar flux would therefore depend on a higher proton concentrawas markedly stimulated by the addition of buffered MgATP to tion at one surface of the membrane than at the other (cf. 7). the medium (Fig. 3 and Table I). The uncoupler ...
... findings. Uptake was highly sensitive to external pH (Fig. 2), and sugar flux would therefore depend on a higher proton concentrawas markedly stimulated by the addition of buffered MgATP to tion at one surface of the membrane than at the other (cf. 7). the medium (Fig. 3 and Table I). The uncoupler ...
Chem 499 Final Exam Name
... 9. a. The methylation of cytosine residues in DNA plays a role in the regulation of transcription and is catalyzed by the enzyme DNA methyltransferase. Add in curved arrows to show how the reaction ...
... 9. a. The methylation of cytosine residues in DNA plays a role in the regulation of transcription and is catalyzed by the enzyme DNA methyltransferase. Add in curved arrows to show how the reaction ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.