BCMB 3100 – Chapters 6,7,8 Enzyme Basics • Six Classes (IUBMB
... kcat/Km - This ratio is often thought of as a measure of enzyme efficiency. Either a large value of kcat (rapid turnover) or a small value of Km (high affinity for substrate) makes kcat/Km large. Comparison of Kcat/Km allows direct comparison of the effectiveness of an enzyme toward different subst ...
... kcat/Km - This ratio is often thought of as a measure of enzyme efficiency. Either a large value of kcat (rapid turnover) or a small value of Km (high affinity for substrate) makes kcat/Km large. Comparison of Kcat/Km allows direct comparison of the effectiveness of an enzyme toward different subst ...
Towards an Analysis of the Rice Mitochondrial Proteome
... Purified rice (Oryza sativa) mitochondrial proteins have been arrayed by isoelectric focusing/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), by blue-native (BN) PAGE, and by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) separation (LC-mass spectrometry [MS]). From these protein arrays, we ha ...
... Purified rice (Oryza sativa) mitochondrial proteins have been arrayed by isoelectric focusing/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), by blue-native (BN) PAGE, and by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) separation (LC-mass spectrometry [MS]). From these protein arrays, we ha ...
Reassembled Biosynthetic Pathway for Large
... single strain. All the enzymes essential for oligosaccharide synthesis, including the glycosyltransferases, and the sugar ± nucleotide regeneration are in one E. coli strain. Thus, this approach avoids unnecessary transport of the intermediates in biosynthetic cycles from one strain to another for u ...
... single strain. All the enzymes essential for oligosaccharide synthesis, including the glycosyltransferases, and the sugar ± nucleotide regeneration are in one E. coli strain. Thus, this approach avoids unnecessary transport of the intermediates in biosynthetic cycles from one strain to another for u ...
Role of IDH2 in the brown adipose tissue Abstract
... thermogenesis by fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in mitochondria. Accumulation of oxidative stress in adipose tissue is one of the early events in the development of metabolic syndrome in obesity. Nonetheless, a cause and effect relationship between oxidative stress and obesity is not well understood. Is ...
... thermogenesis by fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in mitochondria. Accumulation of oxidative stress in adipose tissue is one of the early events in the development of metabolic syndrome in obesity. Nonetheless, a cause and effect relationship between oxidative stress and obesity is not well understood. Is ...
Translational Initiation in Eukaryotes
... Observation: Some viral mRNAs (such as Polio virus) are not capped, yet are preferentially translated. Some are also translated via internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) (apparently without scanning to them). Mechanism: Viral protease clips off N-terminus of eIF4G, so it can’t bind eIF4E. eIF4G bind ...
... Observation: Some viral mRNAs (such as Polio virus) are not capped, yet are preferentially translated. Some are also translated via internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) (apparently without scanning to them). Mechanism: Viral protease clips off N-terminus of eIF4G, so it can’t bind eIF4E. eIF4G bind ...
ATP – The Energy of Life - Liberation Chiropractic and Wellness
... When the mitochondria have a short supply of oxygen and fuel (polysaccharides6) to make ATP properly, they can have their own, independent genetics damaged by the very free radicals (rogue electrons) that result from making energy, and this is the start of the life-destroying mitochondrial diseases ...
... When the mitochondria have a short supply of oxygen and fuel (polysaccharides6) to make ATP properly, they can have their own, independent genetics damaged by the very free radicals (rogue electrons) that result from making energy, and this is the start of the life-destroying mitochondrial diseases ...
elisa - WordPress.com
... – 44,173.9 dalton glycoprotein with – 4 lysine residues for conjugation to a labelled molecule. – It produces a coloured, fluorimetric or luminescent derivative of the labeled molecule allowing it to be detected and quantified. – HRP is often used in conjugates • conjugates (molecules that have been ...
... – 44,173.9 dalton glycoprotein with – 4 lysine residues for conjugation to a labelled molecule. – It produces a coloured, fluorimetric or luminescent derivative of the labeled molecule allowing it to be detected and quantified. – HRP is often used in conjugates • conjugates (molecules that have been ...
The role of mitochondrial hexokinase II in ischemia - UvA-DARE
... During reperfusion, the restored oxygen levels cause rapid restoration of pH with still elevated levels of Ca2+m. This facilitates the activation of mPTP, opening of which activates protein signaling cascades leading to cell death. Furthermore, the mPTP opening leads to cellular ATP depletion at thi ...
... During reperfusion, the restored oxygen levels cause rapid restoration of pH with still elevated levels of Ca2+m. This facilitates the activation of mPTP, opening of which activates protein signaling cascades leading to cell death. Furthermore, the mPTP opening leads to cellular ATP depletion at thi ...
A Loop Unique to Ferredoxin-Dependent Glutamate Synthases is
... shown), in both the visible and near UV regions, of the loopless variant were very similar to those measured for the wild-type enzyme. Thus, although the presence of small conformational differences produced by deletion of the 27 amino acids of the loop cannot be ruled out, the CD data allow us to c ...
... shown), in both the visible and near UV regions, of the loopless variant were very similar to those measured for the wild-type enzyme. Thus, although the presence of small conformational differences produced by deletion of the 27 amino acids of the loop cannot be ruled out, the CD data allow us to c ...
Redox cycling
... The importance of the electrons Note that electrons can never “appear” from nowhere, and can thereby only be donated by electron donors, and they can never “disappear” and can thereby only be transferred to electron acceptors Compounds that easily donate electrons have a tendency to reduce othe ...
... The importance of the electrons Note that electrons can never “appear” from nowhere, and can thereby only be donated by electron donors, and they can never “disappear” and can thereby only be transferred to electron acceptors Compounds that easily donate electrons have a tendency to reduce othe ...
Unit 20C Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... Solar energy is the ultimate source of energy for most living things. As you saw in Chapter 2, organisms do not use this energy directly. Instead, photosynthetic organisms at the first trophic level in a food web (producers) capture solar energy and then store it as chemical energy in the bonds of g ...
... Solar energy is the ultimate source of energy for most living things. As you saw in Chapter 2, organisms do not use this energy directly. Instead, photosynthetic organisms at the first trophic level in a food web (producers) capture solar energy and then store it as chemical energy in the bonds of g ...
Divergence and Convergence in Enzyme Evolution
... motifs that are represented in such databases as InterPro (15). Therefore, proteins within the same superfamily can be confidently inferred to have evolved from a common ancestor, even though they might have dramatically different enzymatic activities or no (known) activity at all (16 –18). Most stu ...
... motifs that are represented in such databases as InterPro (15). Therefore, proteins within the same superfamily can be confidently inferred to have evolved from a common ancestor, even though they might have dramatically different enzymatic activities or no (known) activity at all (16 –18). Most stu ...
2/1/06 Bio 98A Midterm Exam Name ) For the following two ligands
... 100 pmol of the following peptide is subjected to automated Edman degradation in a sequencer that produces an average yield of 85% at each cycle. ...
... 100 pmol of the following peptide is subjected to automated Edman degradation in a sequencer that produces an average yield of 85% at each cycle. ...
Content Display : Unit 2 - Energy Metabolism : Lesson 1
... conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid did not occur, anaerobic glycolysis would stop much sooner; that is, much less ATP could be formed from anaerobic glycolysis (i.e., the energy capacity of anaerobic glycolysis would be much less than 50 kcal). So the formation of lactic acid is essential for ...
... conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid did not occur, anaerobic glycolysis would stop much sooner; that is, much less ATP could be formed from anaerobic glycolysis (i.e., the energy capacity of anaerobic glycolysis would be much less than 50 kcal). So the formation of lactic acid is essential for ...
Lipids lecture(6) by Prof.Dr.Moaed Al
... Acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are used in respiration and are important sources of energy. Cardiac muscle and the renal cortex perferentially use acetoacetate over glucose. Glucose is used by brain and RBCs; in brain, ketone bodies substitute for glucose as fuel because the brain cannot u ...
... Acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are used in respiration and are important sources of energy. Cardiac muscle and the renal cortex perferentially use acetoacetate over glucose. Glucose is used by brain and RBCs; in brain, ketone bodies substitute for glucose as fuel because the brain cannot u ...
Euglena gracilis Rhodoquinone:Ubiquinone Ratio and
... unusual, oxygen-sensitive enzyme, pyruvate:NADP⫹ oxidoreductase (6, 17). The resulting acetyl-CoA enters a modified citric acid cycle, which entails a shunt via succinate semialdehyde as in the ␣-proteobacterium Bradyrhizobium (18), circumventing the step catalyzed by ␣-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. ...
... unusual, oxygen-sensitive enzyme, pyruvate:NADP⫹ oxidoreductase (6, 17). The resulting acetyl-CoA enters a modified citric acid cycle, which entails a shunt via succinate semialdehyde as in the ␣-proteobacterium Bradyrhizobium (18), circumventing the step catalyzed by ␣-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. ...
Breakdown Industrial Digester PowderTM contains bacteria and
... Septic Tank Maintenance contains bacteria and enzymes that degrade waste into a ground-absorbing liquid. A blend of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria with natural and synthetic enzymes, Septic Tank Maintenance helps prevent septic tank backup. Routine pumping of septic tanks may be reduced by using Odo ...
... Septic Tank Maintenance contains bacteria and enzymes that degrade waste into a ground-absorbing liquid. A blend of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria with natural and synthetic enzymes, Septic Tank Maintenance helps prevent septic tank backup. Routine pumping of septic tanks may be reduced by using Odo ...
Slide 1
... B.Decreases 5. Three dimensional dcavity bearing a specific charge by which the enzyme reacts with its substrate is called • A.Active site B.Binding site 6. Which step causes activation of catalytic site of an enzyme? • A.Change in pH of the surroundings. • B.Formation of Enzyme Susstrate complex ...
... B.Decreases 5. Three dimensional dcavity bearing a specific charge by which the enzyme reacts with its substrate is called • A.Active site B.Binding site 6. Which step causes activation of catalytic site of an enzyme? • A.Change in pH of the surroundings. • B.Formation of Enzyme Susstrate complex ...
Lecture 27
... Tyrosine is misclassified as nonessential since it is derived from the essential amino acid, Phe. ...
... Tyrosine is misclassified as nonessential since it is derived from the essential amino acid, Phe. ...
4:6 Fermentation
... 4.6 Fermentation • Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. – glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation – energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide – NADH is changed back into NAD+ – NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis ...
... 4.6 Fermentation • Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. – glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation – energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide – NADH is changed back into NAD+ – NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis ...
Protein synthesis
... The ultimate cellular location of proteins is often determined by specific, relatively short amino acid sequence within the proteins themselves. These sequences can be responsible for proteins being secreted, imported into the nucleus or targeted to other organelles. ...
... The ultimate cellular location of proteins is often determined by specific, relatively short amino acid sequence within the proteins themselves. These sequences can be responsible for proteins being secreted, imported into the nucleus or targeted to other organelles. ...
Chapter 16 solutions
... Reduce, reuse, recycle. In the conversion of glucose into two molecules of lactate, the NADH generated earlier in the pathway is oxidized to NAD+. Why is it not to the cells advantage to simply make more NAD+ so that the regeneration would not be necessary? After all, the cell would save much energy ...
... Reduce, reuse, recycle. In the conversion of glucose into two molecules of lactate, the NADH generated earlier in the pathway is oxidized to NAD+. Why is it not to the cells advantage to simply make more NAD+ so that the regeneration would not be necessary? After all, the cell would save much energy ...
respiration in plants
... substances like carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down to release CO2, water and energy. In plants the problem of definition is slightly different because 1. Breathing movements are not performed. The gaseous exchange is often marked by photosynthesis in the day time. Oxygen need not be u ...
... substances like carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down to release CO2, water and energy. In plants the problem of definition is slightly different because 1. Breathing movements are not performed. The gaseous exchange is often marked by photosynthesis in the day time. Oxygen need not be u ...
Chapter 9a - Richsingiser.com
... • Proteins move laterally (through the plane of the membrane) at a rate of a few microns per second • Some integral membrane proteins move more slowly, at diffusion rates of 10 nm per sec – why? • Slower protein motion is likely for proteins that associate and bind with each other, and also for prot ...
... • Proteins move laterally (through the plane of the membrane) at a rate of a few microns per second • Some integral membrane proteins move more slowly, at diffusion rates of 10 nm per sec – why? • Slower protein motion is likely for proteins that associate and bind with each other, and also for prot ...
File
... A fatty acid with an odd number of carbons will enter the citric acid cycle as acetylCoA and: A. α-ketoglutarate B. Malate C. Succinyl-CoA D. Citrate E. Butyrate Which of the following statements apply to the β-oxidation of fatty acids? A. The process takes place in the cytosol of mammalian cells. B ...
... A fatty acid with an odd number of carbons will enter the citric acid cycle as acetylCoA and: A. α-ketoglutarate B. Malate C. Succinyl-CoA D. Citrate E. Butyrate Which of the following statements apply to the β-oxidation of fatty acids? A. The process takes place in the cytosol of mammalian cells. B ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.