Document
... Common Metabolites, Continued • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol where glucose is broken down into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate. • Molecules like fructose, amino acids, and free fatty acids can be used as fuel by the cells. • These molecules enter glycolysis later in the pathway or by chem ...
... Common Metabolites, Continued • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol where glucose is broken down into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate. • Molecules like fructose, amino acids, and free fatty acids can be used as fuel by the cells. • These molecules enter glycolysis later in the pathway or by chem ...
Metabolic Fate of Glucose Metabolic Fate of Fatty Acids
... actions of hormones. Hormones regulate enzyme primarily by covalent phosphorylation • The three main endocrine signals that regulate metabolism are epinephrine, glucagon and insulin. • Epinephrine is responsible for the mobilization of glucose (glycogenolysis) and an inhibition of enzyme activities ...
... actions of hormones. Hormones regulate enzyme primarily by covalent phosphorylation • The three main endocrine signals that regulate metabolism are epinephrine, glucagon and insulin. • Epinephrine is responsible for the mobilization of glucose (glycogenolysis) and an inhibition of enzyme activities ...
Lecture 2 - Washington State University
... • Most can grow in 32% NaCl; require at least 9% NaCl • Produce pigments; seen as red patches on salted fish, pink blooms in salt water ponds • Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophs • Some obtain additional energy from light via ...
... • Most can grow in 32% NaCl; require at least 9% NaCl • Produce pigments; seen as red patches on salted fish, pink blooms in salt water ponds • Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophs • Some obtain additional energy from light via ...
Microbiology Ch 3 p18-37 [4-20
... involved in all three types of transport -permeases have high affinity for substrate on the outside and low affinity on the inside Uptake of Iron – free iron is scarce in the blood and many tissues because it is bound to transferrin or ceruloplasmin; iron is essential for the growth of bacteria, and ...
... involved in all three types of transport -permeases have high affinity for substrate on the outside and low affinity on the inside Uptake of Iron – free iron is scarce in the blood and many tissues because it is bound to transferrin or ceruloplasmin; iron is essential for the growth of bacteria, and ...
"Value of Digestive Enzymes" by Bill Evans
... While attempting my best Dr. Carl Sagan impersonation, I will say that our bodies contain “billions and billions” of enzymes. Enzymes are more important to our bodies than eating, thinking, or even breathing. That may sound like an exaggeration, but the truth is that without enzymes, the body could ...
... While attempting my best Dr. Carl Sagan impersonation, I will say that our bodies contain “billions and billions” of enzymes. Enzymes are more important to our bodies than eating, thinking, or even breathing. That may sound like an exaggeration, but the truth is that without enzymes, the body could ...
Journal of Biological Chemistry
... upon amino acid incorporation into protein of the liver ribosome system (Table II) just as effectively as it does the decrease in hepatic ATP concentration induced by the same analogue (3). These results tend to implicate cellular BTP deficiency as being important in the inhibition of protein synthe ...
... upon amino acid incorporation into protein of the liver ribosome system (Table II) just as effectively as it does the decrease in hepatic ATP concentration induced by the same analogue (3). These results tend to implicate cellular BTP deficiency as being important in the inhibition of protein synthe ...
UNIT I Biomolecules - McGraw
... There are several factors that can influence the activity of a particular enzyme. The first is the concentration of the substrate and the concentration of the enzyme. Reaction rates stay low when the concentration of the substrate is low, whereas the rates increase when the concentration of the subs ...
... There are several factors that can influence the activity of a particular enzyme. The first is the concentration of the substrate and the concentration of the enzyme. Reaction rates stay low when the concentration of the substrate is low, whereas the rates increase when the concentration of the subs ...
Glutaric Aciduria Type 11: Evidence for a Defect Related to
... dehydrogenation o f fatty acid acyl-CoAs and glutaryl-CoA. However, dehydrogenation o f (C6-C10) fatty acid acyl-CoA derivatives and glutaryl-CoA was normal when the dehydrogenases were measured in fibroblast homogenate with artificial electron acceptors. In vivo, these dehydrogenases transfer their ...
... dehydrogenation o f fatty acid acyl-CoAs and glutaryl-CoA. However, dehydrogenation o f (C6-C10) fatty acid acyl-CoA derivatives and glutaryl-CoA was normal when the dehydrogenases were measured in fibroblast homogenate with artificial electron acceptors. In vivo, these dehydrogenases transfer their ...
Objectives 12
... - like other carboxylases requires biotin as a prosthetic group to carry CO2, and requires ATP to drive the reaction - direct energy utilization for gluconeogenesis - glucose has 6 carbons so two molecules of ATP used for each molecule of glucose synthesized from pyruvate - reactions only for thos ...
... - like other carboxylases requires biotin as a prosthetic group to carry CO2, and requires ATP to drive the reaction - direct energy utilization for gluconeogenesis - glucose has 6 carbons so two molecules of ATP used for each molecule of glucose synthesized from pyruvate - reactions only for thos ...
Objectives 7
... - Energy is stored as glycogen (carbohydrates), protein (amino acids) or triacylglyercols (fatty acids) - The four circulating fuels are glucose (most important), lactate, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies; these provide fuel in response to specific physiological conditions - In fed and early star ...
... - Energy is stored as glycogen (carbohydrates), protein (amino acids) or triacylglyercols (fatty acids) - The four circulating fuels are glucose (most important), lactate, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies; these provide fuel in response to specific physiological conditions - In fed and early star ...
Document
... Match the following terms with the descriptions: 1) Catabolic reactions 2) Coenzymes 3) Glycolysis 4) Lactate A. 4 Produced during anaerobic conditions. B. 3 Reaction series that converts glucose to pyruvate. C. 1 Metabolic reactions that break down large molecules to smaller molecules + energy. D. ...
... Match the following terms with the descriptions: 1) Catabolic reactions 2) Coenzymes 3) Glycolysis 4) Lactate A. 4 Produced during anaerobic conditions. B. 3 Reaction series that converts glucose to pyruvate. C. 1 Metabolic reactions that break down large molecules to smaller molecules + energy. D. ...
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
... This membrane has folds called cristae, which increase its surface area. ...
... This membrane has folds called cristae, which increase its surface area. ...
Slide 1
... Glycolipids • Carbohydrate attached to a lipid • Some are glycerol based, but most are sphingosine based • Glycosphingolipids • Cerebrosides • Gangliosides ...
... Glycolipids • Carbohydrate attached to a lipid • Some are glycerol based, but most are sphingosine based • Glycosphingolipids • Cerebrosides • Gangliosides ...
Cell Structure and Function - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Biologists classify cells into two broad categories—the prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The prokaryotic group includes two groups of bacteria, the eubacteria and the archaebacteria. The structure of the bacteria is discussed in more detail in Chapter 7. Within the eukaryotic group are the animals, plant ...
... Biologists classify cells into two broad categories—the prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The prokaryotic group includes two groups of bacteria, the eubacteria and the archaebacteria. The structure of the bacteria is discussed in more detail in Chapter 7. Within the eukaryotic group are the animals, plant ...
Key To Problem Set 3R
... Details: When inhibitor is added, and the SRP is not working properly, some of the ribosomes making acid hydrolase molecules will become attached to the ER, but some will remain unattached in the cytoplasm. The acid hydrolase molecules made by the attached ribosomes will enter the ER and reach the l ...
... Details: When inhibitor is added, and the SRP is not working properly, some of the ribosomes making acid hydrolase molecules will become attached to the ER, but some will remain unattached in the cytoplasm. The acid hydrolase molecules made by the attached ribosomes will enter the ER and reach the l ...
Comparison of environmental and isolate Sulfobacillus genomes
... contained a CuA-binding site in subunit II, indicating it accepts electrons from cytochrome c and not quinones, [51,52]. Additionally, cytochrome c-binding sites (CXXCH) were identified in the C-terminal end of both subunits II and IV which are not present in any other terminal oxidases here, sugges ...
... contained a CuA-binding site in subunit II, indicating it accepts electrons from cytochrome c and not quinones, [51,52]. Additionally, cytochrome c-binding sites (CXXCH) were identified in the C-terminal end of both subunits II and IV which are not present in any other terminal oxidases here, sugges ...
A New Type of a Multifunctional ß
... acetyl-CoA yielding thiolytic cleavage of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA esters formed in the dehydrogenation process. Because the fatty acid chains are reduced by only two carbon atoms in the course of these successive reactions, the reaction sequence has to be repeated until the fatty acids have been complete ...
... acetyl-CoA yielding thiolytic cleavage of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA esters formed in the dehydrogenation process. Because the fatty acid chains are reduced by only two carbon atoms in the course of these successive reactions, the reaction sequence has to be repeated until the fatty acids have been complete ...
03-1 Metabolism of carbohydrate
... Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH +2 H+ • The Energy released from the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate is -47 kcal mol-1. • Under aerobic conditions much more chemical bond energy can be extracted from pyruvate. ...
... Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH +2 H+ • The Energy released from the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate is -47 kcal mol-1. • Under aerobic conditions much more chemical bond energy can be extracted from pyruvate. ...
Anions Desorption induced by low-energy electron collisions with
... Extrinsic effects influence the anion ESD process at times before the formation of the intermediate anion and after its decay Intrisic – interaction between TNI and the image charge it induces in the supporting molecular film and metal substrate – number of decay channels available for an autodetach ...
... Extrinsic effects influence the anion ESD process at times before the formation of the intermediate anion and after its decay Intrisic – interaction between TNI and the image charge it induces in the supporting molecular film and metal substrate – number of decay channels available for an autodetach ...
Prentice Hall Biology - Mayfield City Schools
... a fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called reac ...
... a fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called reac ...
A New Type of a Multifunctional ß-Oxidation
... acetyl-CoA yielding thiolytic cleavage of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA esters formed in the dehydrogenation process. Because the fatty acid chains are reduced by only two carbon atoms in the course of these successive reactions, the reaction sequence has to be repeated until the fatty acids have been complete ...
... acetyl-CoA yielding thiolytic cleavage of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA esters formed in the dehydrogenation process. Because the fatty acid chains are reduced by only two carbon atoms in the course of these successive reactions, the reaction sequence has to be repeated until the fatty acids have been complete ...
NADH by James South
... A coenzyme is the active, or working form of a vitamin. NADH is the reduced (electronenergy rich) coenzyme form of vitamin B3, while NAD is the oxidized (burned) coenzyme form of B3. NAD and NADH are converted into each other in numerous different metabolic activities. In some metabolic reactions it ...
... A coenzyme is the active, or working form of a vitamin. NADH is the reduced (electronenergy rich) coenzyme form of vitamin B3, while NAD is the oxidized (burned) coenzyme form of B3. NAD and NADH are converted into each other in numerous different metabolic activities. In some metabolic reactions it ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.