Resurrecting ancestral RuBisCO in silico
... orders of magnitude greater than those of carbon dioxide, but this was not always the case. Thus this dual enzymatic activity of RuBisCO introduces an evolutionary conundrum: the enzyme partially responsible for creating the oxygenated atmosphere is greatly hindered by oxygen.5 Reconstruction of anc ...
... orders of magnitude greater than those of carbon dioxide, but this was not always the case. Thus this dual enzymatic activity of RuBisCO introduces an evolutionary conundrum: the enzyme partially responsible for creating the oxygenated atmosphere is greatly hindered by oxygen.5 Reconstruction of anc ...
Biocatalysis - School of Chemical Sciences
... The whole-cell biocatalysis approach is typically used when a specific biotransformation requires multiple enzymes or when it is difficult to isolate the enzyme. A whole-cell system has an advantage over isolated enzymes in that it is not necessary to recycle the cofactors (nonprotein components invol ...
... The whole-cell biocatalysis approach is typically used when a specific biotransformation requires multiple enzymes or when it is difficult to isolate the enzyme. A whole-cell system has an advantage over isolated enzymes in that it is not necessary to recycle the cofactors (nonprotein components invol ...
Enzymes - WordPress.com
... molecules, and many of their remarkable properties, including substrate binding and catalysis, are due to this flexibility • Realization of the conformational flexibility of proteins led Daniel Koshland to hypothesize that the binding of a substrate by an enzyme is an interactive process • The shape ...
... molecules, and many of their remarkable properties, including substrate binding and catalysis, are due to this flexibility • Realization of the conformational flexibility of proteins led Daniel Koshland to hypothesize that the binding of a substrate by an enzyme is an interactive process • The shape ...
Topic guide 5.2: Studying the feasibility of reactions
... The sign of ΔGƟ allows us to make predictions about the proportion of products which will be formed at equilibrium: 1 if ΔGƟ is negative, the proportion of products present will be large (the equilibrium position favours the right-hand side) 2 if ΔGƟ is positive, the proportion of products present ...
... The sign of ΔGƟ allows us to make predictions about the proportion of products which will be formed at equilibrium: 1 if ΔGƟ is negative, the proportion of products present will be large (the equilibrium position favours the right-hand side) 2 if ΔGƟ is positive, the proportion of products present ...
Pyropheophytin a accompanies pheophytin a in darkened light
... vinelandii Electron Transport to Assimilatory Nitrate Reduetase in A z o t o b a c t e r vinelandii ...
... vinelandii Electron Transport to Assimilatory Nitrate Reduetase in A z o t o b a c t e r vinelandii ...
Redox cycling”
... The importance of the electrons Note that electrons can never just “appear” and can thereby only be donated by electron donors, and they can never “disappear” and can thereby only be transferred to electron acceptors Compounds that easily donate electrons have a tendency to reduce other compoun ...
... The importance of the electrons Note that electrons can never just “appear” and can thereby only be donated by electron donors, and they can never “disappear” and can thereby only be transferred to electron acceptors Compounds that easily donate electrons have a tendency to reduce other compoun ...
pdf file - John Innes Centre
... Downloaded from www.jbc.org at JOHN INNES CENTRE LIBRARY, on October 22, 2010 ...
... Downloaded from www.jbc.org at JOHN INNES CENTRE LIBRARY, on October 22, 2010 ...
letters Structure of -lactam synthetase reveals how to
... One CEA η-nitrogen is hydrogen bonded to the side chain of Glu 382, and both η-nitrogens are linked to the carbonyl oxygen of Asp 373 via a water molecule. The CEA Arg side chain is also held in position by the side chain of Tyr 326. The α-carboxylate of CEA is stabilized by interactions with the am ...
... One CEA η-nitrogen is hydrogen bonded to the side chain of Glu 382, and both η-nitrogens are linked to the carbonyl oxygen of Asp 373 via a water molecule. The CEA Arg side chain is also held in position by the side chain of Tyr 326. The α-carboxylate of CEA is stabilized by interactions with the am ...
Page 1 - csfcbiology
... Using all of the information, describe how imatinib stops the development of chronic myeloid leukaemia. ...
... Using all of the information, describe how imatinib stops the development of chronic myeloid leukaemia. ...
Functional and Structural Characterization of a Prokaryotic Peptide
... essentially all 400 possible dipeptides and 8000 possible tripeptides composed of L-␣ amino acids as substrates. Moreover, they also transport a large spectrum of therapeutic drugs like -lactam antibiotics, selected angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and peptidase inhibitors and thereby dete ...
... essentially all 400 possible dipeptides and 8000 possible tripeptides composed of L-␣ amino acids as substrates. Moreover, they also transport a large spectrum of therapeutic drugs like -lactam antibiotics, selected angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and peptidase inhibitors and thereby dete ...
Metabolism of Members of the Spiroplasmataceae
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
Study Questions for Chapter 1 – The Cell
... concentration of ATP reaches a certain level, it begins to bind some of the key enzymes in glycolysis and the TCA cycle and inhibits them, decreasing the generation of ATP. In contrast, a greater abundance of ADP relative to ATP indicates a need for energy. When this occurs, ADP binds to these sa ...
... concentration of ATP reaches a certain level, it begins to bind some of the key enzymes in glycolysis and the TCA cycle and inhibits them, decreasing the generation of ATP. In contrast, a greater abundance of ADP relative to ATP indicates a need for energy. When this occurs, ADP binds to these sa ...
ch04-Cellular-Metabolism-Anatomy
... • changed from one form to another • involved in all metabolic reactions Release of chemical energy • most metabolic processes depend on chemical energy • oxidation of glucose generates chemical energy to promote cellular metabolism • cellular respiration releases chemical energy from molecules ...
... • changed from one form to another • involved in all metabolic reactions Release of chemical energy • most metabolic processes depend on chemical energy • oxidation of glucose generates chemical energy to promote cellular metabolism • cellular respiration releases chemical energy from molecules ...
2008 exam with answers
... First acetyl-coA from F.A.: -1 ATP investment + 1 FADH2 ( 2 ATP) + 1 NADH2 (3 ATP) = 4 ATP net Second acetyl-coA from F.A.: 1 FADH2 ( 2 ATP) + 1 NADH2 (3 ATP) = 5 ATP net Third acetyl-coA produced with second. NO FADH2 or NADH2 involved. Total = 5 +4 9 ATP No further metabolism of acetyl-coA in pr ...
... First acetyl-coA from F.A.: -1 ATP investment + 1 FADH2 ( 2 ATP) + 1 NADH2 (3 ATP) = 4 ATP net Second acetyl-coA from F.A.: 1 FADH2 ( 2 ATP) + 1 NADH2 (3 ATP) = 5 ATP net Third acetyl-coA produced with second. NO FADH2 or NADH2 involved. Total = 5 +4 9 ATP No further metabolism of acetyl-coA in pr ...
Enzyme Kinetics
... 0.2 units/mg or ml protein upon which purification may increase to 10 units/mg or ml protein. One unit would be formation of one μmol product per minute at a specific pH and temperature with a substrate concentration much greater than the value of Km. ...
... 0.2 units/mg or ml protein upon which purification may increase to 10 units/mg or ml protein. One unit would be formation of one μmol product per minute at a specific pH and temperature with a substrate concentration much greater than the value of Km. ...
reactants -> products. - University of San Diego Home Pages
... Note the similarities in the structures of cGMP (left) and Viagra (right). Viagra produces an increase in [cGMP] in penile vascular tissue, allowing vascular muscle relaxation, improved blood flow, and erection. • Others – Rogain, Latisse, Zyban, Warfarin (coumarin), and Penicillin Kinetic Behavior ...
... Note the similarities in the structures of cGMP (left) and Viagra (right). Viagra produces an increase in [cGMP] in penile vascular tissue, allowing vascular muscle relaxation, improved blood flow, and erection. • Others – Rogain, Latisse, Zyban, Warfarin (coumarin), and Penicillin Kinetic Behavior ...
Crystal Structures of the Oxidized and Reduced Forms of UDP
... ABSTRACT: UDP-galactose 4-epimerase catalyzes the conversion of UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose through a mechanism involving the transient reduction of NAD+. Here we describe the X-ray structures for epimerase complexed with NADH/UDP and NAD+/UDP, refined to 1.8 and 2.0 Å, respectively. The R-carbon p ...
... ABSTRACT: UDP-galactose 4-epimerase catalyzes the conversion of UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose through a mechanism involving the transient reduction of NAD+. Here we describe the X-ray structures for epimerase complexed with NADH/UDP and NAD+/UDP, refined to 1.8 and 2.0 Å, respectively. The R-carbon p ...
Use to make Test Corrections (Answer in complete sentence +10 pts
... b. the mitochondrial membranes. c. oxygen in a series of steps. d. hydrogen ions. e. NADH in a series of steps. 6. Select the molecule that contains the most stored chemical energy: a. lactate. b. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. d. water. e. ethyl alcohol. 7. Light behaves not only as waves, but also as ...
... b. the mitochondrial membranes. c. oxygen in a series of steps. d. hydrogen ions. e. NADH in a series of steps. 6. Select the molecule that contains the most stored chemical energy: a. lactate. b. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. d. water. e. ethyl alcohol. 7. Light behaves not only as waves, but also as ...
LB Metabolic Diseases
... starvation, acetyl-CoA carboxylase is inhibited and malonyl-CoA decreases releasing the inhibition of CPT-I and allowing more ßoxidation. These events are reinforced in starvation by decrease in insulin/glucagon ratio. This causes inhibition of ACC in the liver by phosphorylation. In short, ß-oxidat ...
... starvation, acetyl-CoA carboxylase is inhibited and malonyl-CoA decreases releasing the inhibition of CPT-I and allowing more ßoxidation. These events are reinforced in starvation by decrease in insulin/glucagon ratio. This causes inhibition of ACC in the liver by phosphorylation. In short, ß-oxidat ...
Requires Rubisco
... At 5 x 10 -5 atm, CO2 fixation rate = photorespiration rate. However, plants living in hot climates need to conserve water, which requires them to use low CO2 concentration (water is used in rubisco reaction!) The disadvantage of C4 plants is extra ATP used and a more complex pathway http://methanog ...
... At 5 x 10 -5 atm, CO2 fixation rate = photorespiration rate. However, plants living in hot climates need to conserve water, which requires them to use low CO2 concentration (water is used in rubisco reaction!) The disadvantage of C4 plants is extra ATP used and a more complex pathway http://methanog ...
Novel physiological and metabolic insights into the beneficial
... efficiently exploit flavins as redox mediator to shuttle electrons to external electron acceptors. The present studies were aimed at elucidating the mechanism and impact of riboflavin-mediated extracellular electron transfer (EET) on the growth and metabolism of F. prausnitzii in microbial fuel cell ...
... efficiently exploit flavins as redox mediator to shuttle electrons to external electron acceptors. The present studies were aimed at elucidating the mechanism and impact of riboflavin-mediated extracellular electron transfer (EET) on the growth and metabolism of F. prausnitzii in microbial fuel cell ...
Structure of ATP-Bound Human ATP:Cobalamin
... Sequence analysis indicates that ATP:cobalamin adenosyltransferases fall within three unrelated families: CobA, PduO, and EutT (24). Structure determinations confirm that the CobA (32) and PduO (25) families adopt quite different architectures; a structure has not yet been described for a member of ...
... Sequence analysis indicates that ATP:cobalamin adenosyltransferases fall within three unrelated families: CobA, PduO, and EutT (24). Structure determinations confirm that the CobA (32) and PduO (25) families adopt quite different architectures; a structure has not yet been described for a member of ...
26_Lecture - Ventura College
... • Acetyl-CoA is the only non–citric acid cycle intermediate that can enter the citric acid cycle by being converted to citrate. ...
... • Acetyl-CoA is the only non–citric acid cycle intermediate that can enter the citric acid cycle by being converted to citrate. ...
... Choice A: What is the overall structure of a bacterial cell wall? How does the structure explain the high mechanical strength of the cell wall? Linear polysaccharides made of alternating NAG and NAM (modified glucose) (3 pts) Are cross linked by peptide chains between the NAM units on adjacent stran ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.