Fatty Acid Synthesis
... Formation of a double bond in a fatty acid involves the following endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in mammalian cells: NADH-cyt b5 Reductase, a flavoprotein with FAD as prosthetic group. Cytochrome b5, which may be a separate protein or a domain at one end of the desaturase. Desaturase, ...
... Formation of a double bond in a fatty acid involves the following endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in mammalian cells: NADH-cyt b5 Reductase, a flavoprotein with FAD as prosthetic group. Cytochrome b5, which may be a separate protein or a domain at one end of the desaturase. Desaturase, ...
Cellular respiration
... ETC. As e- move through the ETC, H+ are pumped to the intermembrane space and create an H+ gradient. As H+ flow down the gradient, ATP is synthesized from ADP + P through chemiosmosis. ...
... ETC. As e- move through the ETC, H+ are pumped to the intermembrane space and create an H+ gradient. As H+ flow down the gradient, ATP is synthesized from ADP + P through chemiosmosis. ...
Cellular respiration
... ETC. As e- move through the ETC, H+ are pumped to the intermembrane space and create an H+ gradient. As H+ flow down the gradient, ATP is synthesized from ADP + P through chemiosmosis. ...
... ETC. As e- move through the ETC, H+ are pumped to the intermembrane space and create an H+ gradient. As H+ flow down the gradient, ATP is synthesized from ADP + P through chemiosmosis. ...
Citric Acid Cycle Review Activity Goals
... cellular respiration that generates this energy is very complex at a biochemical level. Because so much of the Kreb’s cycle can only be appreciated after years of chemistry and physics, many times the Kreb’s cycle is both under taught by teachers and under appreciated by students. Without actually t ...
... cellular respiration that generates this energy is very complex at a biochemical level. Because so much of the Kreb’s cycle can only be appreciated after years of chemistry and physics, many times the Kreb’s cycle is both under taught by teachers and under appreciated by students. Without actually t ...
ATP production in brain and liver mitochondria of Fischer
... Inhibition of the F0F1-ATPase enzyme by oligomycin. To confirm the functionality of the ATP assay, 1 and 5 mM oligomycin, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, were incubated with a portion of the isolated mitochondria for 10 min at 37°C and compared with a control (equal portion of freshly iso ...
... Inhibition of the F0F1-ATPase enzyme by oligomycin. To confirm the functionality of the ATP assay, 1 and 5 mM oligomycin, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, were incubated with a portion of the isolated mitochondria for 10 min at 37°C and compared with a control (equal portion of freshly iso ...
The ins and outs of sphingolipid synthesis
... At least five different lcbs are known in mammalian cells, O20 species of fatty acid (varying in chain length, degree of saturation, and degree of hydroxylation) can be attached to the lcb, and hundreds of different carbohydrate structures have been described in GSLs. The possible relevance of this ...
... At least five different lcbs are known in mammalian cells, O20 species of fatty acid (varying in chain length, degree of saturation, and degree of hydroxylation) can be attached to the lcb, and hundreds of different carbohydrate structures have been described in GSLs. The possible relevance of this ...
(cobalamin)-dependent enzymes
... carbon, the migration can proceed through a cyclic transition state in which the radical becomes delocalized on to the pyridoxal ring [17]. Carbon-skeleton mutases Four AdoCbl-dependent enzymes are known that catalyse carbon-skeleton rearrangements: glutamate mutase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, methy ...
... carbon, the migration can proceed through a cyclic transition state in which the radical becomes delocalized on to the pyridoxal ring [17]. Carbon-skeleton mutases Four AdoCbl-dependent enzymes are known that catalyse carbon-skeleton rearrangements: glutamate mutase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, methy ...
Lecture # 7 Pentose Phosphate Pathway
... anabolic reactions requiring electrons. • The pathway yields ribose 5-phosphate. – Nucleotide biosynthesis leading to: •DNA •RNA •Various cofactors (CoA, FAD, SAM, NAD+/NADP+). ...
... anabolic reactions requiring electrons. • The pathway yields ribose 5-phosphate. – Nucleotide biosynthesis leading to: •DNA •RNA •Various cofactors (CoA, FAD, SAM, NAD+/NADP+). ...
elements of chemistry unit
... reduction reactions are also known as redox reactions (red = reduction, ox = oxidation). OXIDATION AND REDUCTION Oxidation and reduction reactions take place at the same time. This is because electrons from one species need to find another species to accept them. OXIDATION NUMBERS Oxidation numbers ...
... reduction reactions are also known as redox reactions (red = reduction, ox = oxidation). OXIDATION AND REDUCTION Oxidation and reduction reactions take place at the same time. This is because electrons from one species need to find another species to accept them. OXIDATION NUMBERS Oxidation numbers ...
Biochemistry Final
... with the energy it needs, and some travels to the tissues as well to generate ATP necessary for function. Gluconeogenesis is also on in the liver to generate glucose from free intermediates. The liver can only store a day’s worth of glycogen, so when these stores get depleted, the brain is once agai ...
... with the energy it needs, and some travels to the tissues as well to generate ATP necessary for function. Gluconeogenesis is also on in the liver to generate glucose from free intermediates. The liver can only store a day’s worth of glycogen, so when these stores get depleted, the brain is once agai ...
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) Exercise
... PFK exists as a homotetramer in bacteria and mammals. Each of the four monomers of PFK is composed of two similar domains. One domain has an ATP binding pocket. The other domain contains the ...
... PFK exists as a homotetramer in bacteria and mammals. Each of the four monomers of PFK is composed of two similar domains. One domain has an ATP binding pocket. The other domain contains the ...
Stability, catalytic versatility and evolution of the
... residues at their tips. The reciprocal hydrophobic interactions were further weakened by replacing Phe55, which is located close to the twofold symmetry axis of the dimer, with either glutamine or glutamate. The Phe55Glu variant is purely monomeric, apparently due to electrostatic repulsions between ...
... residues at their tips. The reciprocal hydrophobic interactions were further weakened by replacing Phe55, which is located close to the twofold symmetry axis of the dimer, with either glutamine or glutamate. The Phe55Glu variant is purely monomeric, apparently due to electrostatic repulsions between ...
Carbon dioxide fixation.
... as well as serving as the starting material for fuel, fiber, animal feed, oil, and other compounds used by people. Collectively, the biochemical processes by which CO2 is assimilated into organic molecules are known as the photosynthetic dark reactions, not because they must occur in darkness but be ...
... as well as serving as the starting material for fuel, fiber, animal feed, oil, and other compounds used by people. Collectively, the biochemical processes by which CO2 is assimilated into organic molecules are known as the photosynthetic dark reactions, not because they must occur in darkness but be ...
to get the file - Chair of Computational Biology
... - Insertion of TM proteins into membrane: Translocon, MINS (today, V1) - Prediction of TM segments from sequence (V2) - Composition of Lipid membrane, Phase transitions (V3) - Elasticity of membranes (V4) - Predicting lipid-facing helix faces from sequence: TMX (V5) - Predicting helix interactions f ...
... - Insertion of TM proteins into membrane: Translocon, MINS (today, V1) - Prediction of TM segments from sequence (V2) - Composition of Lipid membrane, Phase transitions (V3) - Elasticity of membranes (V4) - Predicting lipid-facing helix faces from sequence: TMX (V5) - Predicting helix interactions f ...
Escherichia coli ATP Synthase
... Here we describe the role of charged amino acids at the catalytic sites of Escherichia coli ATP synthase. There are four positively charged and four negatively charged residues in the vicinity of of E. coli ATP synthase catalytic sites. Positive charges are contributed by three arginine and one lysi ...
... Here we describe the role of charged amino acids at the catalytic sites of Escherichia coli ATP synthase. There are four positively charged and four negatively charged residues in the vicinity of of E. coli ATP synthase catalytic sites. Positive charges are contributed by three arginine and one lysi ...
Application of SVM to predict membrane protein types
... membrane proteins (Casey, 1995; Resh, 1994). In this paper, the discrimination is confined within the scope of membrane proteins only. This is because membrane proteins can be reliably distinguished by using existing methods, as elaborated by many previous investigators (Chou, 2000; Chou and Elrod, 1 ...
... membrane proteins (Casey, 1995; Resh, 1994). In this paper, the discrimination is confined within the scope of membrane proteins only. This is because membrane proteins can be reliably distinguished by using existing methods, as elaborated by many previous investigators (Chou, 2000; Chou and Elrod, 1 ...
Enzyme Specificity and Selectivity
... The specificity of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase arises from the three-dimensional structure of their respective active sites. Although the overall structures of these proteases are very similar, each enzyme has an active site that is sterically and electrostatically complementary to its substra ...
... The specificity of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase arises from the three-dimensional structure of their respective active sites. Although the overall structures of these proteases are very similar, each enzyme has an active site that is sterically and electrostatically complementary to its substra ...
Cell Energy (GPC)
... energy may be transferred from place to place or transformed into dierent forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The transfers and transformations of energy take place around us all the time. Light bulbs transform electrical energy into light and heat energy. Gas stoves transform chemical en ...
... energy may be transferred from place to place or transformed into dierent forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The transfers and transformations of energy take place around us all the time. Light bulbs transform electrical energy into light and heat energy. Gas stoves transform chemical en ...
The Urea Cycle
... Most amino acids are catabolized in the liver. Some of the ammonia produced in amino acid catabolism in the liver is used to synthesize nitrogenous biomolecules such as nucleotides. The excess ammonia is converted into urea for excretion. Only the liver and kidneys can convert ammonia into urea. Ot ...
... Most amino acids are catabolized in the liver. Some of the ammonia produced in amino acid catabolism in the liver is used to synthesize nitrogenous biomolecules such as nucleotides. The excess ammonia is converted into urea for excretion. Only the liver and kidneys can convert ammonia into urea. Ot ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... Anaerobic Respiration - Fermentation •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
... Anaerobic Respiration - Fermentation •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
Cell Energy (GPC)
... energy may be transferred from place to place or transformed into dierent forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The transfers and transformations of energy take place around us all the time. Light bulbs transform electrical energy into light and heat energy. Gas stoves transform chemical en ...
... energy may be transferred from place to place or transformed into dierent forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The transfers and transformations of energy take place around us all the time. Light bulbs transform electrical energy into light and heat energy. Gas stoves transform chemical en ...
Pharmaceutical Faculty 3- d course Module 1 General principles of
... Anabolic pathways _______ A. Do not depend on enzymes B. Lead to the synthesis of catabolic compounds C. Release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers D. All of the above E. Consume energy to build up polymers from monomers ANSWER: E ...
... Anabolic pathways _______ A. Do not depend on enzymes B. Lead to the synthesis of catabolic compounds C. Release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers D. All of the above E. Consume energy to build up polymers from monomers ANSWER: E ...
Topic 7b Redox notes
... hydrogen; reduction is the loss of oxygen or the gain of hydrogen. These definitions can only be used when a chemical reaction involves hydrogen and oxygen, and therefore their usefulness is limited. ...
... hydrogen; reduction is the loss of oxygen or the gain of hydrogen. These definitions can only be used when a chemical reaction involves hydrogen and oxygen, and therefore their usefulness is limited. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.