Uncommon pathways of metabolism among lactic acid bacteria
... some amino acids. Synthetically, they possess the potential to manufacture a host of complex carbohydrates (expressed as cell wall antigens or loosely associated slime matrices) and, in at least one instance, some rare amino acids. Past contributions to this series of symposia have dealt with the ge ...
... some amino acids. Synthetically, they possess the potential to manufacture a host of complex carbohydrates (expressed as cell wall antigens or loosely associated slime matrices) and, in at least one instance, some rare amino acids. Past contributions to this series of symposia have dealt with the ge ...
Phase 2 - Spokane Public Schools
... ● Photorespiration may be an evolutionary relic because rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had far less O2 and more CO2 ● In many plants, photorespiration is a problem because on a hot, dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle ...
... ● Photorespiration may be an evolutionary relic because rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had far less O2 and more CO2 ● In many plants, photorespiration is a problem because on a hot, dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle ...
Electron transport chain…
... PMF drives ATP synthesis • diffusion of protons back across membrane (down gradient) drives formation of ATP • ATP synthase ...
... PMF drives ATP synthesis • diffusion of protons back across membrane (down gradient) drives formation of ATP • ATP synthase ...
GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS
... effect on glycolysis. This makes a great exam question. Arsenate is a substrate for the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzyme, which normally uses phosphate and makes 1,3-disphosphoglycerate, is fooled by the arsenate and makes the arsenate ester instead. With the phosphate est ...
... effect on glycolysis. This makes a great exam question. Arsenate is a substrate for the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The enzyme, which normally uses phosphate and makes 1,3-disphosphoglycerate, is fooled by the arsenate and makes the arsenate ester instead. With the phosphate est ...
Structural studies into ketosteroid dehydrogenases and S
... The transaminase reaction consists of two half reactions on substrates with very different substituents (charged vs. (large) hydrophobic) that both bind in the O-pocket. To accommodate the binding of such different groups fold type I transaminases commonly use an arginine residue that switches betwe ...
... The transaminase reaction consists of two half reactions on substrates with very different substituents (charged vs. (large) hydrophobic) that both bind in the O-pocket. To accommodate the binding of such different groups fold type I transaminases commonly use an arginine residue that switches betwe ...
I. CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE, cont
... between R groups of amino acids. Helps to give each protein its unique shape. ...
... between R groups of amino acids. Helps to give each protein its unique shape. ...
Human Physiology - Orange Coast College
... Cristae of inner mitochondrial membrane contain molecules that serve as electron transport system. Electron transport chain consists of FMN, coenzyme Q, and cytochromes. ...
... Cristae of inner mitochondrial membrane contain molecules that serve as electron transport system. Electron transport chain consists of FMN, coenzyme Q, and cytochromes. ...
Campbell`s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An
... D) is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor. Answer: B Topic: Concept 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, which of the following is correct? A) The binding of the substrate depends on the shape of the active site. B) Som ...
... D) is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor. Answer: B Topic: Concept 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, which of the following is correct? A) The binding of the substrate depends on the shape of the active site. B) Som ...
Identification of Two Antiparallel-sheet Structure of Cobrotoxin in
... been proposed which is essential for both conformational stability and neurotoxicity (3). To elucidate the chain conformation and roles of amino acid residues of cobrotoxin in solution, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have to be analyzed. High field 'HNMR spectroscopy is one of the most powerful ...
... been proposed which is essential for both conformational stability and neurotoxicity (3). To elucidate the chain conformation and roles of amino acid residues of cobrotoxin in solution, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have to be analyzed. High field 'HNMR spectroscopy is one of the most powerful ...
What does glycolysis make and why is it important?
... Neglecting glycolytic flux from glycogen, consider the classical presentation of glycolysis, asserting that glucose degradation makes pyruvic acid. Then, classic resources go on to state that under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis progresses to make lactic acid. However, while all sources agree that ...
... Neglecting glycolytic flux from glycogen, consider the classical presentation of glycolysis, asserting that glucose degradation makes pyruvic acid. Then, classic resources go on to state that under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis progresses to make lactic acid. However, while all sources agree that ...
Impaired ATP Synthase Assembly Associated with
... FIG. 4. Comparison of the levels of newly synthesized and steady-state complex V holoenzyme and sub-complexes indicated a decreased rate of enzyme assembly in lung carcinoma NARP cybrids compared with controls. 35S-Labeled protein after a 1-h pulse and a chase of 1 h (panels 1, 2, and 3) or 3 h (pan ...
... FIG. 4. Comparison of the levels of newly synthesized and steady-state complex V holoenzyme and sub-complexes indicated a decreased rate of enzyme assembly in lung carcinoma NARP cybrids compared with controls. 35S-Labeled protein after a 1-h pulse and a chase of 1 h (panels 1, 2, and 3) or 3 h (pan ...
The activity reaction core and plasticity of metabolic networks
... tetrahydrofolte biosynthesis. Both pathways are present in H. pylori and E. coli. ...
... tetrahydrofolte biosynthesis. Both pathways are present in H. pylori and E. coli. ...
Ch08-1enzymes
... penicillin blocks enzyme bacteria use to build cell walls disulfiram (Antabuse) treats chronic alcoholism blocks enzyme that ...
... penicillin blocks enzyme bacteria use to build cell walls disulfiram (Antabuse) treats chronic alcoholism blocks enzyme that ...
Integrated Chemical Systems
... are most likely lattice Os2-ions associated with Pb(I1) ions, and not Pb(1V). ...
... are most likely lattice Os2-ions associated with Pb(I1) ions, and not Pb(1V). ...
Enzyme Properties
... A very common situation is one in which for some portion of the time in which a reaction is being monitored, the concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex is nearly constant. Thus in the general reaction E + S ES E + P where E is the enzyme, S is the substrate, ES is the enzyme-substrate com ...
... A very common situation is one in which for some portion of the time in which a reaction is being monitored, the concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex is nearly constant. Thus in the general reaction E + S ES E + P where E is the enzyme, S is the substrate, ES is the enzyme-substrate com ...
Energetic Crosstalk Between Organelles
... loading. However, these experiments were unable to answer the question of the efficacy of the mitochondrially supported SR load, because high ADP concentrations are known to inhibit or reverse the SR calcium pump. We thus replaced external ADP with ATP in the loading solutions. Under these condition ...
... loading. However, these experiments were unable to answer the question of the efficacy of the mitochondrially supported SR load, because high ADP concentrations are known to inhibit or reverse the SR calcium pump. We thus replaced external ADP with ATP in the loading solutions. Under these condition ...
Effects of oxygen on the growth and metabolism of Actinomyces
... The cytochrome spectra of A. viscosus cells grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were identical: only two cytochrome b-type absorbtion bands were present (Table 3). Under anaerobic conditions these cytochromes are presumably part of an electron transport chain terminating with fumarate reduc ...
... The cytochrome spectra of A. viscosus cells grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were identical: only two cytochrome b-type absorbtion bands were present (Table 3). Under anaerobic conditions these cytochromes are presumably part of an electron transport chain terminating with fumarate reduc ...
Energetic Crosstalk Between Organelles
... loading. However, these experiments were unable to answer the question of the efficacy of the mitochondrially supported SR load, because high ADP concentrations are known to inhibit or reverse the SR calcium pump. We thus replaced external ADP with ATP in the loading solutions. Under these condition ...
... loading. However, these experiments were unable to answer the question of the efficacy of the mitochondrially supported SR load, because high ADP concentrations are known to inhibit or reverse the SR calcium pump. We thus replaced external ADP with ATP in the loading solutions. Under these condition ...
Chapter 14 - Richsingiser.com
... • Tunneling can only play a significant role in a reaction when the wavelength of the transferring particle is similar to the distance over which it is transferred • de Broglie wavelengths for protons and electrons are 0.9Å and 38Å, respectively • Tunneling probably contributes to most, if not all, ...
... • Tunneling can only play a significant role in a reaction when the wavelength of the transferring particle is similar to the distance over which it is transferred • de Broglie wavelengths for protons and electrons are 0.9Å and 38Å, respectively • Tunneling probably contributes to most, if not all, ...
Polymer Molecules
... All proteins contain the elements C,O,H, N. They are condensation polymers, made by amino acids linking together. An amine group of one molecule links to the carboxyl group of another molecule to form an amide or peptide bond. The body cannot make every type of amino acids that it needs. So our diet ...
... All proteins contain the elements C,O,H, N. They are condensation polymers, made by amino acids linking together. An amine group of one molecule links to the carboxyl group of another molecule to form an amide or peptide bond. The body cannot make every type of amino acids that it needs. So our diet ...
BCMB 3100 – Chapters 6,7,8 Enzyme Basics • Six Classes (IUBMB
... saturated with S. [S]/Km is usually between 0.01 and 1 (Km usually 10-1 to 10-7M) How do you characterize enzyme kinetics under these low [S]? V = [E][S] k2 / Km When [S] <<<<< Km [E] [ET] so V = [ET][S] k2 / Km Thus, V depends on value of [S] & k2 / Km k2 / Km is limited by k1 which is limited < ...
... saturated with S. [S]/Km is usually between 0.01 and 1 (Km usually 10-1 to 10-7M) How do you characterize enzyme kinetics under these low [S]? V = [E][S] k2 / Km When [S] <<<<< Km [E] [ET] so V = [ET][S] k2 / Km Thus, V depends on value of [S] & k2 / Km k2 / Km is limited by k1 which is limited < ...
Lipids (lect 4))
... 1- Transport of acetyl CoA to cytoplasm: Acetyl CoA is the precursor of fatty acid synthesis. It is produced from oxidation of glucose (by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate), βoxidation of fatty acids and metabolism of ketogenic and mixed amino acids. Acetyl CoA is produced in mitochondria, and ...
... 1- Transport of acetyl CoA to cytoplasm: Acetyl CoA is the precursor of fatty acid synthesis. It is produced from oxidation of glucose (by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate), βoxidation of fatty acids and metabolism of ketogenic and mixed amino acids. Acetyl CoA is produced in mitochondria, and ...
Anaerobic Energy Systems - COLLYERS
... Glucose, and glucose is broken down to pyruvate. This creates 2ATP. When combined with oxygen, pyruvate can enter the Krebs Cycle as Acetyl CoA. Energy ( 2 ATP) and carbonic acid is produced and enters the ETC- Electron Transport Chain. H20, Co2 and energy (32ATP) are produced. In total Aerobic Glyc ...
... Glucose, and glucose is broken down to pyruvate. This creates 2ATP. When combined with oxygen, pyruvate can enter the Krebs Cycle as Acetyl CoA. Energy ( 2 ATP) and carbonic acid is produced and enters the ETC- Electron Transport Chain. H20, Co2 and energy (32ATP) are produced. In total Aerobic Glyc ...
Translational Initiation in Eukaryotes
... Observation: Some viral mRNAs (such as Polio virus) are not capped, yet are preferentially translated. Some are also translated via internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) (apparently without scanning to them). Mechanism: Viral protease clips off N-terminus of eIF4G, so it can’t bind eIF4E. eIF4G bind ...
... Observation: Some viral mRNAs (such as Polio virus) are not capped, yet are preferentially translated. Some are also translated via internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) (apparently without scanning to them). Mechanism: Viral protease clips off N-terminus of eIF4G, so it can’t bind eIF4E. eIF4G bind ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.