Biochemistry - Grade12BiologyCALC
... protein carriers involves the binding of specific • Both move polar molecules to protein carriers that are highly molecules down their specific (like enzymes are with their concentration gradient substrates) • The specific nature of facilitated diffusion is from [high] to [low] way for the cell to t ...
... protein carriers involves the binding of specific • Both move polar molecules to protein carriers that are highly molecules down their specific (like enzymes are with their concentration gradient substrates) • The specific nature of facilitated diffusion is from [high] to [low] way for the cell to t ...
Enzyme
... Enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind. Enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site. Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect Students should be able to sketch graphs to the rate of activity of enzymes. show the exp ...
... Enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind. Enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site. Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect Students should be able to sketch graphs to the rate of activity of enzymes. show the exp ...
New insight into pathogenesis of medical diseases
... One of the basic purposes of body cells is to transform the chemical energy of these simple components into forms that may be available for immediate use or other forms that may be used in future. The foods possess stored energy. When we consume these foods, the digestive processes break them down i ...
... One of the basic purposes of body cells is to transform the chemical energy of these simple components into forms that may be available for immediate use or other forms that may be used in future. The foods possess stored energy. When we consume these foods, the digestive processes break them down i ...
Why a need for Systems Biology
... • The central dogma of information flow in biology: Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. With other words: the amino acid sequence making up a protein, its structure and function, is determined by the DNA transcription. • “This states that once ‘information’ has passed into protein it canno ...
... • The central dogma of information flow in biology: Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. With other words: the amino acid sequence making up a protein, its structure and function, is determined by the DNA transcription. • “This states that once ‘information’ has passed into protein it canno ...
Mitochondrial complex I deficiency: from organelle
... Unlike any other structure in mammalian cells, mitochondria are partially autonomous, highly dynamic organelles, which possess their own genome with transcriptional and translational machinery (Duchen, 2004). Together with these unique properties, mitochondria hold a central position in cellular bio ...
... Unlike any other structure in mammalian cells, mitochondria are partially autonomous, highly dynamic organelles, which possess their own genome with transcriptional and translational machinery (Duchen, 2004). Together with these unique properties, mitochondria hold a central position in cellular bio ...
Scheme of Metabolism
... ~ ~ + Reducing+ Yields power ATP substrate-level phosphorylation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... ~ ~ + Reducing+ Yields power ATP substrate-level phosphorylation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Glycolysis
... (forming ATP), leaving pyruvic acid (pyruvate) as the final product of glycolysis. ...
... (forming ATP), leaving pyruvic acid (pyruvate) as the final product of glycolysis. ...
Lecture 9: Citric Acid Cycle/Fatty Acid Catabolism
... Mechanism. Hydrogen abstracted from the β carbon. If you take away hydrogen from this carbon, you end up producing trans-Δ2-enoyl-CoA. You will notice that this reaction is pretty similar to what we have just seen in the citric acid cycle. FAD is the electron acceptor. In the citric acid cycle, ther ...
... Mechanism. Hydrogen abstracted from the β carbon. If you take away hydrogen from this carbon, you end up producing trans-Δ2-enoyl-CoA. You will notice that this reaction is pretty similar to what we have just seen in the citric acid cycle. FAD is the electron acceptor. In the citric acid cycle, ther ...
Cloning and expression of maize-leaf pyruvate, Pi dikinase
... We then proceeded to clone the corresponding cDNA for the ZmGI TC220929 gene (GenBank Accession No. AY106855) by screening a maize leaf cDNA library with a cloned 491 bp PCR fragment complementary to sequences internal to the respective AY106855 ORF. Screening of the library with this 491 bp 32P-lab ...
... We then proceeded to clone the corresponding cDNA for the ZmGI TC220929 gene (GenBank Accession No. AY106855) by screening a maize leaf cDNA library with a cloned 491 bp PCR fragment complementary to sequences internal to the respective AY106855 ORF. Screening of the library with this 491 bp 32P-lab ...
Enzymes
... a maximum. • Beyond the maximum point, increasing the substrate concentration will not increase the rate of reaction. • This is because at any point of time, all the enzyme molecules are in use. The enzyme molecules are saturated. • The enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor. • The reactio ...
... a maximum. • Beyond the maximum point, increasing the substrate concentration will not increase the rate of reaction. • This is because at any point of time, all the enzyme molecules are in use. The enzyme molecules are saturated. • The enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor. • The reactio ...
ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 10-12
... Anaerobic endurance time over which muscular contractions are sustained by glycolysis and ATP/CP reserves Aerobic endurance time over which muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities Physiological profiles of motor units: all fibers in a motor unit are of the ...
... Anaerobic endurance time over which muscular contractions are sustained by glycolysis and ATP/CP reserves Aerobic endurance time over which muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities Physiological profiles of motor units: all fibers in a motor unit are of the ...
Chymotrypsin
... o Mediating oxidation-reduction reactions. o Electrostatically stabilizing or shielding negative charges. o Metalloenzymes contain tightly bound metal ions: Fe+2, Fe+3, Cu+2, Zn+2, Mn+2. o Metal-activated enzymes contain loosely bound metal ions: Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2. Electrostatic catalysis refers t ...
... o Mediating oxidation-reduction reactions. o Electrostatically stabilizing or shielding negative charges. o Metalloenzymes contain tightly bound metal ions: Fe+2, Fe+3, Cu+2, Zn+2, Mn+2. o Metal-activated enzymes contain loosely bound metal ions: Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2. Electrostatic catalysis refers t ...
1 Biochemistry 462a – Enzyme Mechanisms Reading
... o Mediating oxidation-reduction reactions. o Electrostatically stabilizing or shielding negative charges. ...
... o Mediating oxidation-reduction reactions. o Electrostatically stabilizing or shielding negative charges. ...
Russell, MJ, Hall, AJ, and Mellersh, AR, 2003
... perturbation. Metabolism quickens, by many orders of magnitude, oxidation and reduction reactions on our planet. Convection involves juxtaposed molecules behaving in concert as they transfer heat to a lower temperature sink. In the metabolic case too, orderly and commensurate flows through a membran ...
... perturbation. Metabolism quickens, by many orders of magnitude, oxidation and reduction reactions on our planet. Convection involves juxtaposed molecules behaving in concert as they transfer heat to a lower temperature sink. In the metabolic case too, orderly and commensurate flows through a membran ...
Yield Potential, Plant Assimilatory Capacity, and Metabolic Efficiencies
... suitable acclimation and photoprotection. The efficiency of the respiratory system also seems unaffected by plant breeding. Precise evaluation of the roles and efficiencies of the glycolytic pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in production is difficult because, in addition to being sources of ...
... suitable acclimation and photoprotection. The efficiency of the respiratory system also seems unaffected by plant breeding. Precise evaluation of the roles and efficiencies of the glycolytic pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in production is difficult because, in addition to being sources of ...
glycogen disappears
... Glycolysis & the Oxidation of Pyruvate Glycolysis, the major pathway for glucose metabolism, occurs in the cytosol of all cells. ...
... Glycolysis & the Oxidation of Pyruvate Glycolysis, the major pathway for glucose metabolism, occurs in the cytosol of all cells. ...
1st Semester Final Exam Study Guide (excluding DNA/protein
... 12. Which of these often serve as receptors or cell recognition molecules on cell surfaces? a) transmembrane proteins b) integral proteins c) peripheral proteins d) integrins e) glycoproteins 13. Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of gl ...
... 12. Which of these often serve as receptors or cell recognition molecules on cell surfaces? a) transmembrane proteins b) integral proteins c) peripheral proteins d) integrins e) glycoproteins 13. Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of gl ...
S0735109710011502_mmc1
... (indicates proton gradient for ATP synthesis). RCR values >4.0 indicated that electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation were coupled in mitochondria isolated from normal/untreated and normal/BZ-treated rats. ...
... (indicates proton gradient for ATP synthesis). RCR values >4.0 indicated that electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation were coupled in mitochondria isolated from normal/untreated and normal/BZ-treated rats. ...
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and NADH oxidase
... galanthamine are the only drugs currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease however, these drugs are known to have limitations for clinical use due to their short half lives and/or unfavorable side-effects.4 NADH oxidase catalyzes the twoelectron reduction of oxygen to peroxide or th ...
... galanthamine are the only drugs currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease however, these drugs are known to have limitations for clinical use due to their short half lives and/or unfavorable side-effects.4 NADH oxidase catalyzes the twoelectron reduction of oxygen to peroxide or th ...
Carbon and energy distribution through propagation and fermentation
... Key aspects of redox balance 1. Typically, an oxidation is always coupled with a reduction. 2. If a preferred reduction pathway (glycerol) is compromised, cells will overproduce some other product (acetic acid, fusels) until cell is redox neutral (homeostasis). This slows growth in fermentation and ...
... Key aspects of redox balance 1. Typically, an oxidation is always coupled with a reduction. 2. If a preferred reduction pathway (glycerol) is compromised, cells will overproduce some other product (acetic acid, fusels) until cell is redox neutral (homeostasis). This slows growth in fermentation and ...
M01
... (episodic hypoketotic hypoglycemia, starting in infancy) Carnitine supplementation : supposed to increase energy production, because it facilitates the FA transport into mitochondria for oxidation, sparing glycogen from the muscles during exercise; could mitigate lactate production Studies: carnitin ...
... (episodic hypoketotic hypoglycemia, starting in infancy) Carnitine supplementation : supposed to increase energy production, because it facilitates the FA transport into mitochondria for oxidation, sparing glycogen from the muscles during exercise; could mitigate lactate production Studies: carnitin ...
Week 7 - Acid-base, redox
... Answers: For PH3, assign H=+1. The three bound H atoms give a total of +3. The algebraic sum of P + 3 = 0, giving P= −3. For BrO3−, assign O=-2. The three bound O atoms give a total of -6. The algebraic sum of Br + -6 = -1, giving Br=+5. For H2SO4, assign H=+1 and O=-2. The two bound hydrogen atoms ...
... Answers: For PH3, assign H=+1. The three bound H atoms give a total of +3. The algebraic sum of P + 3 = 0, giving P= −3. For BrO3−, assign O=-2. The three bound O atoms give a total of -6. The algebraic sum of Br + -6 = -1, giving Br=+5. For H2SO4, assign H=+1 and O=-2. The two bound hydrogen atoms ...
The energetics, chemistry, and mechanics of a
... FL > G, the Boltzmann distribution over the reorientation is simply such that a backstep is more likely than a forward step. ATP, however, will continue to be hydrolyzed as backstepping dominates. This is in apparent contrast to a pump like F0 F1 ATPase. This is a membrane protein that tightly coupl ...
... FL > G, the Boltzmann distribution over the reorientation is simply such that a backstep is more likely than a forward step. ATP, however, will continue to be hydrolyzed as backstepping dominates. This is in apparent contrast to a pump like F0 F1 ATPase. This is a membrane protein that tightly coupl ...
Lecture 4
... General Concepts Energy Storage Energy Release Mobilization Transport Plasma Membrane diffusion Mitochondrion membrane transport Beta Oxidation Derivatives into Krebs Cycle and ETS Contribution to power/anaerobic metabolism Spot Reduction 2. Impact of Insulin Hepatic Tissue (Glucose and aa’s ---> TG ...
... General Concepts Energy Storage Energy Release Mobilization Transport Plasma Membrane diffusion Mitochondrion membrane transport Beta Oxidation Derivatives into Krebs Cycle and ETS Contribution to power/anaerobic metabolism Spot Reduction 2. Impact of Insulin Hepatic Tissue (Glucose and aa’s ---> TG ...
with oxygen - Don`t Trust Atoms
... 2. Analyse the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 3. Explain the term metabolism. ...
... 2. Analyse the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 3. Explain the term metabolism. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.