• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Biology Reading Guide 6 Where all energy ultimately come from Sun
Biology Reading Guide 6 Where all energy ultimately come from Sun

... Ø Initial  #  glucose  molecules:  1     Ø #  ATP  molecules  invested:  2   Ø #  ATP  molecules  produced:  4   Ø #  Net  ATP  molecules:  2     Ø #  NADH  produced:  2     Ø #  Pyruvate  molecules/glucose:  2   v Substrate  lev ...
Chemolithotrophs
Chemolithotrophs

... • ΔGo’ = -686 kcal/mol glucose to CO2. • In most cases, electrons from the donors can enter ETC directly and yield ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. • P/O Ratios are ≤ 1 for most (H2 the exception). • Huge amounts of inorganics are oxidized for growth, which can make a major impact on ecosystems. ...
Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration

... • Glycolysis – the phosphorylation of glucose to 6C hexose phosphate, then splitting into 2 x 3C triose phosphate molecules which are oxidised to form 2 x pyruvate, yielding a little ATP and reduced NAD. In cytoplasm. • Link reaction - pyruvate is decarboxylated and hydrogenated. The remaining 2C un ...
Document
Document

... electrons then reduce FAD at the inner membrane, forming FADH2 which can transfer the electrons to a carrier of the electron-transport chain. ...
Cellular Respiration 2
Cellular Respiration 2

... If O2 is available pyruvate enters mitochondrium If O2 level is low Pyruvate stays in cytosol and undergoes fermentation ...
Electron Transport and oxidative phosphorylation (ATP Synthesis)
Electron Transport and oxidative phosphorylation (ATP Synthesis)

... Contains cytochromes a/a3 and 2 Cu ions involved in e‐ transfers ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

... – Loss of energy from e-s powers H+ pump ...
Friday`s presentation.
Friday`s presentation.

... ATP. a. The enzyme complex ATP synthase synthesizes ATP using the energy stored in the concentration gradient of H+ ions (i.e., protons) across the inner membrane, which is relatively impermeable to H+. b. The H+ ions tend to move down their concentration gradient toward the matrix of the mitochondr ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... ATP. a. The enzyme complex ATP synthase synthesizes ATP using the energy stored in the concentration gradient of H+ ions (i.e., protons) across the inner membrane, which is relatively impermeable to H+. b. The H+ ions tend to move down their concentration gradient toward the matrix of the mitochondr ...
-The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved
-The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved

... -In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate, ______molecules of ATP are used and _______molecules of ATP are produced. -Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, the carbon skeleton of glucose has been ...
Protein and Lipid Catabolism
Protein and Lipid Catabolism

... – Not associated with any one phylogenetic group – Except methanogenesis ...
Chapter 14 - Part I
Chapter 14 - Part I

... • Resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane – also called respiratory chain • 15 proteins involved in the chain – grouped in 3 large respiratory enzyme complexes – NADH dehydrogenase complex – Cytochrome b-c1 complex – Cytochrome oxidase complex ...
Carbohydrate Catabolism in the Presence of Oxygen Releases a
Carbohydrate Catabolism in the Presence of Oxygen Releases a

...  A proton gradient can be introduced artificially in chloroplasts or ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport Chain(ETC)
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport Chain(ETC)

... the citric acid cycle , they contain three 2Fe-2S centers, bound FAD, and a binding site for the substrate,succinate. The path of electron transfer from the succinate-binding site to FAD, then through the FeS centers to the Q-binding site. • Complex III: Ubiquinone to Cytochrome c The next respirato ...
Quizon ch5-6-7-8new.doc
Quizon ch5-6-7-8new.doc

... 1. Which of the following processes does a cell use to take up molecules against their concentration gradient? a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. endocytosis e. Both the c and d are correct. 2. Proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions [in cells] are call ...
External sources of energy → biologically energy : ATP
External sources of energy → biologically energy : ATP

... • Electron transport chain • High energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 O2 • Convert energy released into a proton motive force (H+ gradient) ...
The Proton Motive Force
The Proton Motive Force

... Membrane associated Mediate transfer of electrons Conserve some of the energy released during transfer and use it to synthesize ATP Many oxidation–reduction enzymes are involved in electron transport (e.g., NADH dehydrogenases, flavoproteins, iron–sulfur proteins, cytochromes) NADH dehydrogenases: p ...
Bio102 Problems
Bio102 Problems

... 12. In our discussions of oxidative phosphorylation, we mainly discussed the mitochondrial inner membrane. Prokaryotes can also carry out electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, but prokaryotes have no mitochondria. How does oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes happen without a mitocho ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

... pyruvate, the end product of anaerobic glycolysis is lactate. Profit is 2 molecules of ATP. Enough energy for low-evolutional level organisms and probably for ...
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration

... molecule very reactive From this point, each turn 2 C atoms enter (pyruvate) and 2 exit (carbon dioxide) Oxaloacetate is regenerated (the “cycle”) For each pyruvate that enters: 3 NAD+ reduced to NADH; 1 FAD+ reduced to FADH2 (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP molecule ...
1. Regarding the citric acid cycle: a. Write a balanced net equation
1. Regarding the citric acid cycle: a. Write a balanced net equation

... 1. Regarding the citric acid cycle: a. Write a balanced net equation for the catabolism of acetyl-CoA to CO2 b. How many ATP equivalents are produced as a result of this catabolism? 2. Given the following reaction: NADH + H+ + FMN → NAD+ + FMNH2 a. Which compound becomes reduced? b. Which enzyme (th ...
CHAPTER-V BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
CHAPTER-V BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION

... membrane. The resulting electrochemical proton gradient is used to generate chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Electron transport chains are the cellular mechanisms used for extracting energy from sunlight in photosynthesis and also from redox reactions, such as the oxidati ...
Blue Flashcards (CR) - mvhs
Blue Flashcards (CR) - mvhs

... Consists of Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase. Products per molecule glucose: ...
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives

... You should be able to recognize (in a picture), the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell. You should also know the main functions of these organelles Why is ATP called the energy currency of the cell? Why does hydrolyzing ATP release so much energy? What are the three ma ...
Biochemistry 3300 More Quizzes Page:1/4 1) How many electrons
Biochemistry 3300 More Quizzes Page:1/4 1) How many electrons

... 12) During oxidative phosphorylation, the proton motive force that is generated by electron transport is used to: A) create a pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane. B) generate the substrates (ADP and Pi) for the ATP synthase. C) induce a conformational change in the ATP synthase. D) oxidize NADH ...
< 1 ... 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 >

Oxidative phosphorylation



Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report