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CLN Carbohydrat es part3
... Glucose is the only CHO to be directly use for energy or stored as glycogen. Others have to be broken down then utilized for energy and storage. ...
... Glucose is the only CHO to be directly use for energy or stored as glycogen. Others have to be broken down then utilized for energy and storage. ...
Carbohydrates Metabolism OVERVIEW Carbohydrates (saccharides
... This oxidation provides energy for the production of the majority of ATP in most animals, including humans. The cycle occurs totally in the mitochondria and is, therefore, in close proximity to the reactions of electron transport, which oxidize the reduced coenzymes produced by the cycle. The TCA cy ...
... This oxidation provides energy for the production of the majority of ATP in most animals, including humans. The cycle occurs totally in the mitochondria and is, therefore, in close proximity to the reactions of electron transport, which oxidize the reduced coenzymes produced by the cycle. The TCA cy ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... 3. Overall CAC thermodynamics (which steps are at Eq and which are drivers. 4. Prochiral nature of citrate. 5. Amphibolic nature of CAC and why fermenters need almost all of CAC. 6. Importance of anaplerotic reactions and how they work. 7. Glyoxylate Cycle (mammals lack) but plants, some invertebrat ...
... 3. Overall CAC thermodynamics (which steps are at Eq and which are drivers. 4. Prochiral nature of citrate. 5. Amphibolic nature of CAC and why fermenters need almost all of CAC. 6. Importance of anaplerotic reactions and how they work. 7. Glyoxylate Cycle (mammals lack) but plants, some invertebrat ...
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
... D) NAD+ E) NADP+ 15. The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yields _____ mol of NADH, _____ mol of FADH2, and _____ mol of ATP (or GTP). A) 2; 2; 2 B) 3; 1; 1 C) 3; 2; 0 D) 4; 1; 1 E) 4; 2; 1 16. Entry of acetyl-CoA into the citr ...
... D) NAD+ E) NADP+ 15. The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yields _____ mol of NADH, _____ mol of FADH2, and _____ mol of ATP (or GTP). A) 2; 2; 2 B) 3; 1; 1 C) 3; 2; 0 D) 4; 1; 1 E) 4; 2; 1 16. Entry of acetyl-CoA into the citr ...
Insulin and Glucagon
... Decreased secretion of insulin and a marked increase in glucagon secretion prompt the liver to break down glycogen and start gluconeogenesis. These actions provide the glucose required to balance glucose uptake by muscles. One might protest, " but we need insulin to activate glucose uptake by the wo ...
... Decreased secretion of insulin and a marked increase in glucagon secretion prompt the liver to break down glycogen and start gluconeogenesis. These actions provide the glucose required to balance glucose uptake by muscles. One might protest, " but we need insulin to activate glucose uptake by the wo ...
Metabolism of exercise
... partly cardiovascular, partly intracellular. Those within the muscle cell may be summarized as follows. Calcium ions, acting synergistically with any adrenaline that is flowing, activate the enzyme phosphorylase-kinase, at a lower threshold concentration than that at which they activate the cross-br ...
... partly cardiovascular, partly intracellular. Those within the muscle cell may be summarized as follows. Calcium ions, acting synergistically with any adrenaline that is flowing, activate the enzyme phosphorylase-kinase, at a lower threshold concentration than that at which they activate the cross-br ...
Print - Circulation Research
... The effect of ethanol on the distribution of labeled fatty acids in the tissue slice obtained from the normal rabbit is shown in Figure 2. The addition of increasing concentrations of ethanol from 0 to 72 MM resulted in a decreasing esterification; concomitantly, an increasing proportion of the tiss ...
... The effect of ethanol on the distribution of labeled fatty acids in the tissue slice obtained from the normal rabbit is shown in Figure 2. The addition of increasing concentrations of ethanol from 0 to 72 MM resulted in a decreasing esterification; concomitantly, an increasing proportion of the tiss ...
Ch 6 LIPID METABOLISM - FORMATTED - NSDL
... Apoproteins are synthesized by the liver. Their proportion in lipoprotein complexes varies from 1% (in chylomicron) to 70% (in HDL). There are several types of apoproteins viz ApoA, -B, -C, -D and -E, which, in turn, have many sub-types. They are differentiated on the basis of their size, antigenic ...
... Apoproteins are synthesized by the liver. Their proportion in lipoprotein complexes varies from 1% (in chylomicron) to 70% (in HDL). There are several types of apoproteins viz ApoA, -B, -C, -D and -E, which, in turn, have many sub-types. They are differentiated on the basis of their size, antigenic ...
Glycolysis
... Without oxidation of this NADH, glycolysis cannot continue. There are two alternate routes for oxidation of cytosolic NADH to NAD+ depending upon aerobic or anaerobic respiration pathways. One route is aerobic (in the presence of oxygen) , in which oxidation of NADH to NAD+ takes palce across the mi ...
... Without oxidation of this NADH, glycolysis cannot continue. There are two alternate routes for oxidation of cytosolic NADH to NAD+ depending upon aerobic or anaerobic respiration pathways. One route is aerobic (in the presence of oxygen) , in which oxidation of NADH to NAD+ takes palce across the mi ...
Document
... – Arises from impairment of gluconeogenesis – Accumulation of G6P inhibits conversion of lactate to pyruvate – Uric acid, ketoacids and free fatty acids increase the anion gap • Hypertriglyceridemia: resulting from increased triglyceride production caused by chronically low insulin levels • Hyperuri ...
... – Arises from impairment of gluconeogenesis – Accumulation of G6P inhibits conversion of lactate to pyruvate – Uric acid, ketoacids and free fatty acids increase the anion gap • Hypertriglyceridemia: resulting from increased triglyceride production caused by chronically low insulin levels • Hyperuri ...
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
... rest. However, this does not normally lead to a fall in blood glucose because it is balanced by an equivalent rate of glucose production by the liver, so the net flux is zero. This concept of flux can be applied at the cellular, tissue/organ or whole body level, and can also relate to the conversion ...
... rest. However, this does not normally lead to a fall in blood glucose because it is balanced by an equivalent rate of glucose production by the liver, so the net flux is zero. This concept of flux can be applied at the cellular, tissue/organ or whole body level, and can also relate to the conversion ...
Word
... A) It is necessary to generate NAD+ from NADH to keep glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase (GAPDH) active B) It converts phosphoenolpyruvate to lactate C) During strenuous exercise, the product is exported from the liver in the Cori cycle D) It catalyzes an essentially irreversible reaction E) The react ...
... A) It is necessary to generate NAD+ from NADH to keep glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase (GAPDH) active B) It converts phosphoenolpyruvate to lactate C) During strenuous exercise, the product is exported from the liver in the Cori cycle D) It catalyzes an essentially irreversible reaction E) The react ...
Metabolism
... – is the amount of energy liberated while using 1 l of oxygen – value derived from RQ – can be found in a table (average 20,2 kJ/ L) – it depends on the type of oxidized fuel (differs for protein, fat, carbohydrates) – oxidation of 1 mole of different nutrients requires different quantity of O2 and ...
... – is the amount of energy liberated while using 1 l of oxygen – value derived from RQ – can be found in a table (average 20,2 kJ/ L) – it depends on the type of oxidized fuel (differs for protein, fat, carbohydrates) – oxidation of 1 mole of different nutrients requires different quantity of O2 and ...
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... – Why would muscle transport lactate to the liver for conversion back to pyruvate? NAD+ is needed for that step, and the point of making lactate in the first place was because NAD+ was too low. ...
... – Why would muscle transport lactate to the liver for conversion back to pyruvate? NAD+ is needed for that step, and the point of making lactate in the first place was because NAD+ was too low. ...
03-232 Exam III 2013 Name:__________________________
... Choice A: How are metabolic pathways sensitive (i.e. regulated by) the energy levels in the cell? Give one example, including the regulated step and how it is regulated. Choice B: Under what conditions is ethanol produced from glucose? Approximately what percentage of the original energy in glucose ...
... Choice A: How are metabolic pathways sensitive (i.e. regulated by) the energy levels in the cell? Give one example, including the regulated step and how it is regulated. Choice B: Under what conditions is ethanol produced from glucose? Approximately what percentage of the original energy in glucose ...
Answers - U of L Class Index
... When fermentation takes place, the products are ethanol and carbon dioxide gas. The production of the carbon dioxide gas could cause the pressure to build up and the container may explode. ...
... When fermentation takes place, the products are ethanol and carbon dioxide gas. The production of the carbon dioxide gas could cause the pressure to build up and the container may explode. ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl CoA enter cycle, 2 are released as 2 CO2) ...
... • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl CoA enter cycle, 2 are released as 2 CO2) ...
Amino Acids: Disposal of Nitrogen & Urea Cycle
... #Alanine Aminotransaminases(SGPT)Alanine /Pyruvate conversion #Aspartate Aminotransaminases(SGOT)Aspartate/Oxaloacetate conversion ...
... #Alanine Aminotransaminases(SGPT)Alanine /Pyruvate conversion #Aspartate Aminotransaminases(SGOT)Aspartate/Oxaloacetate conversion ...
acetyl CoA - LSU School of Medicine
... converted to ADP (1~) and Pi (0~). In the thiokinase reaction, ATP (2~) is converted to AMP (0~) and PPi (1~). However, there is a ubiquitous pyrophosphatase present is all cells that converts PPi (1~) to 2 Pi (0~). Thus FA activation requires 2~ (or 2 ATP “equivalents”; ATP ADP + Pi). 2 fatty aci ...
... converted to ADP (1~) and Pi (0~). In the thiokinase reaction, ATP (2~) is converted to AMP (0~) and PPi (1~). However, there is a ubiquitous pyrophosphatase present is all cells that converts PPi (1~) to 2 Pi (0~). Thus FA activation requires 2~ (or 2 ATP “equivalents”; ATP ADP + Pi). 2 fatty aci ...
Chapter 26 Nutrition and Metabolism *Lecture PowerPoint
... • Secreted by enteroendocrine cells of ileum and colon • Sense that food has arrived in the stomach • Secrete PYY long before chyme reaches the ileum in amounts proportionate to calories consumed • Primary effect is to signal satiety and terminate eating • Signal that ends a meal ...
... • Secreted by enteroendocrine cells of ileum and colon • Sense that food has arrived in the stomach • Secrete PYY long before chyme reaches the ileum in amounts proportionate to calories consumed • Primary effect is to signal satiety and terminate eating • Signal that ends a meal ...
Final b
... (You do not need to enumerate repeated steps.) Make sure you show any products that cannot be processed via beta-oxidation. Outline the intermediates involved in converting this remnant into a commonly used metabolite. To the extent possible, calculate the yield of ATP from the metabolism of this 11 ...
... (You do not need to enumerate repeated steps.) Make sure you show any products that cannot be processed via beta-oxidation. Outline the intermediates involved in converting this remnant into a commonly used metabolite. To the extent possible, calculate the yield of ATP from the metabolism of this 11 ...
AMINOACID METABOLISM
... groups in the biological system. GDH can utilise NAD or NADP. * This reaction is important as it reversibly links glutamate metabolism with TCA CYCLE through α Ketoglutarate. GDH – regulated allosterically – GTP & ATP inhibits & viceversa ...
... groups in the biological system. GDH can utilise NAD or NADP. * This reaction is important as it reversibly links glutamate metabolism with TCA CYCLE through α Ketoglutarate. GDH – regulated allosterically – GTP & ATP inhibits & viceversa ...
Amino Acids - faculty at Chemeketa
... Match the end products of digestion with the types of food: 1. amino acids 2. fatty acids and glycerol 3. glucose A. fats B. proteins C. carbohydrates ...
... Match the end products of digestion with the types of food: 1. amino acids 2. fatty acids and glycerol 3. glucose A. fats B. proteins C. carbohydrates ...
17_Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and Krebs cycle
... Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a classic example of multienzyme complex ...
... Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a classic example of multienzyme complex ...
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
... accumulates, and inhibits its own synthesis from pyruvate • This inhibition stimulates pyruvate carboxylase, which shunts extra pyruvate into glucose synthesis • Bypass 2 of Gluconeogenesis is similarly controlled by AMP inhibition • Therefore, high [ATP], [acetyl-CoA], or [citrate] favor making glu ...
... accumulates, and inhibits its own synthesis from pyruvate • This inhibition stimulates pyruvate carboxylase, which shunts extra pyruvate into glucose synthesis • Bypass 2 of Gluconeogenesis is similarly controlled by AMP inhibition • Therefore, high [ATP], [acetyl-CoA], or [citrate] favor making glu ...
Glyceroneogenesis
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Glycerol-3-phosphate.png?width=300)
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.