Biochemistry_Written_Tests.doc
... 124. Give the principle steps in biosynthesis and β-oxidation of fatty acids. a. Synthesis: 1)export of acetyl-coA to cytosol 2)formation of malonyl-coA 3)reduction 4)dehydration 5) reduction. Degradation: 1)transport of fatty acyl-coA into mitochondria (by carnitine) 2) oxidation 3)hydration 4)oxid ...
... 124. Give the principle steps in biosynthesis and β-oxidation of fatty acids. a. Synthesis: 1)export of acetyl-coA to cytosol 2)formation of malonyl-coA 3)reduction 4)dehydration 5) reduction. Degradation: 1)transport of fatty acyl-coA into mitochondria (by carnitine) 2) oxidation 3)hydration 4)oxid ...
Reaction of glycolysis
... Glyceraldehyde-3-Phohsphate is Converted to Pyruvate (pay off phase) •Step 6 •The first reaction that begins the conversion to pyruvate involves the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3bisphosphoglycerate •This reaction involves addition of a phosphate group, as well as an electron transf ...
... Glyceraldehyde-3-Phohsphate is Converted to Pyruvate (pay off phase) •Step 6 •The first reaction that begins the conversion to pyruvate involves the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3bisphosphoglycerate •This reaction involves addition of a phosphate group, as well as an electron transf ...
Homeostasis of glucose
... out of cells H+ Moves in • When Insulin is deficient there is a net efflux K+ from the cell. • Usually [Plasma K+] does not rise because excess K+ is lost in the urine (this occurs bc the glucose in the tubules that cannot be reabsorbed due to exceeding its Tm acts as a diuretic and pulls water and ...
... out of cells H+ Moves in • When Insulin is deficient there is a net efflux K+ from the cell. • Usually [Plasma K+] does not rise because excess K+ is lost in the urine (this occurs bc the glucose in the tubules that cannot be reabsorbed due to exceeding its Tm acts as a diuretic and pulls water and ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... Name the two major metabolic states. The ______________________state occurs during the period immediately after a meal when nutrients are being absorbed through the intestinal wall into the _____________ and _________________. It normally lasts ________ hours. The hormone of this state is __________ ...
... Name the two major metabolic states. The ______________________state occurs during the period immediately after a meal when nutrients are being absorbed through the intestinal wall into the _____________ and _________________. It normally lasts ________ hours. The hormone of this state is __________ ...
1. First , calculate the amount of pyruvic acid ( µg )
... normal level) are usually due to acute hepatitis, often due to a virus infection. In acute hepatitis, ALT levels usually stay high for about 1–2 months, but can take as long as 3–6 months to come back to normal. ALT levels are usually not as high in chronic hepatitis, often less than 4 times the hig ...
... normal level) are usually due to acute hepatitis, often due to a virus infection. In acute hepatitis, ALT levels usually stay high for about 1–2 months, but can take as long as 3–6 months to come back to normal. ALT levels are usually not as high in chronic hepatitis, often less than 4 times the hig ...
Semmelweis University Department of Medical Biochemistry
... 11.30.-12.04. Determination of serum transaminase and creatine kinase activities ...
... 11.30.-12.04. Determination of serum transaminase and creatine kinase activities ...
Biosynthesis of Plant Secondary metabolites
... carbohydrate for the biosynthesis of C6-C3 units (phenyl propane derivative). Besides serving as precursor for the biosynthesis of amino acids, Shikmic acid is also an intermediate in production of all aromatic compounds present in nature like tannins, flavones, coumarins, vanillin, phenylpropanoide ...
... carbohydrate for the biosynthesis of C6-C3 units (phenyl propane derivative). Besides serving as precursor for the biosynthesis of amino acids, Shikmic acid is also an intermediate in production of all aromatic compounds present in nature like tannins, flavones, coumarins, vanillin, phenylpropanoide ...
Ketone Body Metabolism
... zAfter the diet has been changed to lower blood glucose for 3 days, the brain gets 30% of its energy from ketone bodies. zAfter 40 days, this goes up to 70% (during the initial stages the brain does not burn ketones, since they are an important substrate for lipid synthesis in the brain). zThe brain ...
... zAfter the diet has been changed to lower blood glucose for 3 days, the brain gets 30% of its energy from ketone bodies. zAfter 40 days, this goes up to 70% (during the initial stages the brain does not burn ketones, since they are an important substrate for lipid synthesis in the brain). zThe brain ...
Accumulation of D6-unsaturated fatty acids in transgenic tobacco
... 1853D9,12,15) (Sayanova et al., 1997). It also confirmed that the synthesis of GLA and OTA could be attributed to the activity of one gene product, the D6-fatty acid desaturase. Although a previous study demonstrated the accumulation of GLA and OTA in tobacco plants expressing the borage D6-fatty ac ...
... 1853D9,12,15) (Sayanova et al., 1997). It also confirmed that the synthesis of GLA and OTA could be attributed to the activity of one gene product, the D6-fatty acid desaturase. Although a previous study demonstrated the accumulation of GLA and OTA in tobacco plants expressing the borage D6-fatty ac ...
ALT
... parenchymal cells and is widely considered to be specifically for the liver. In addition, it is also active in the heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and the kidney. GPT (ALT) activity in the liver is about 3,000 times higher than its activity in the serum. Only if cells are damaged GPT (ALT) will be ...
... parenchymal cells and is widely considered to be specifically for the liver. In addition, it is also active in the heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and the kidney. GPT (ALT) activity in the liver is about 3,000 times higher than its activity in the serum. Only if cells are damaged GPT (ALT) will be ...
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
... Shown above are the major metabolic precursors of the amino acids. The amino acids that are precursors for other amino acids are shown in yellow. The nine essential amino acids are shown in boldface. The carbon skeletons come from intermediates of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the ci ...
... Shown above are the major metabolic precursors of the amino acids. The amino acids that are precursors for other amino acids are shown in yellow. The nine essential amino acids are shown in boldface. The carbon skeletons come from intermediates of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the ci ...
The Roles of Amino Acids in Milk Yield and Components
... First, their synthesis requires catabolism of other substrates that can provide at least a 3-carbon skeleton, the most likely candidates being propionate, glucose and EAA. Thus, the implications are that there is an additional, if not obligatory, requirement for EAA if not for the carbon skeleton, c ...
... First, their synthesis requires catabolism of other substrates that can provide at least a 3-carbon skeleton, the most likely candidates being propionate, glucose and EAA. Thus, the implications are that there is an additional, if not obligatory, requirement for EAA if not for the carbon skeleton, c ...
A: Objective type questions: Choose the correct answers Most
... Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits b. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates c. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits d. Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates e. ATP ...
... Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits b. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates c. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits d. Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates e. ATP ...
L14_Adv06PDHwebCT
... DGo' of a reaction may be positive, and DG negative, depending on cellular concentrations of reactants and products. Many reactions for which DGo' is positive are spontaneous in vivo because other reactions cause [products] or [substrate]. any [products] or [substrate] that moves the reaction ...
... DGo' of a reaction may be positive, and DG negative, depending on cellular concentrations of reactants and products. Many reactions for which DGo' is positive are spontaneous in vivo because other reactions cause [products] or [substrate]. any [products] or [substrate] that moves the reaction ...
Ecological speciation model
... Heterofermentative organisms use a pathway with a greater number of redox reactions than Streptococcus. Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P)H to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofact ...
... Heterofermentative organisms use a pathway with a greater number of redox reactions than Streptococcus. Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P)H to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofact ...
Causes and interpretation of abnormal liver function tests
... response to treatment, and adjust treatment when necessary ...
... response to treatment, and adjust treatment when necessary ...
Student notes in ppt
... protein kinase (AMPK) which phosphorylates acetyl CoA carboxylase and shifts the equilibrium to the inactive monomeric form. Insulin signaling is activated by high serum glucose levels, and therefore activation of acetyl CoA carboxylase activity ensures that excess glucose will be rapidly converted ...
... protein kinase (AMPK) which phosphorylates acetyl CoA carboxylase and shifts the equilibrium to the inactive monomeric form. Insulin signaling is activated by high serum glucose levels, and therefore activation of acetyl CoA carboxylase activity ensures that excess glucose will be rapidly converted ...
Biosynthesis of lipoxygenase, lipids and its fatty acid composition of
... is very high. The increasing of lipids in ageing culture takes place, obviously with increasing of part of the components, which act as stock energy materials (6, 7). That is explained by the high level of lipoxygenase activity in the young culture, connected with unsaturated fatty acids transformat ...
... is very high. The increasing of lipids in ageing culture takes place, obviously with increasing of part of the components, which act as stock energy materials (6, 7). That is explained by the high level of lipoxygenase activity in the young culture, connected with unsaturated fatty acids transformat ...
CHAPTER 25
... (2) A fatty acid micelle is a lipoprotein that transports TAGs from the intestinal walls to the bloodstream. (3) Associated with the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA, in lipogenesis, is the production of a carbon dioxide molecule. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statemen ...
... (2) A fatty acid micelle is a lipoprotein that transports TAGs from the intestinal walls to the bloodstream. (3) Associated with the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA, in lipogenesis, is the production of a carbon dioxide molecule. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statemen ...
Enduring Understanding: Growth, reproduction and maintenance of
... ◦ Facultative Anaerobes- an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration when oxygen is available but switches to fermentation when oxygen is not available ◦ Obligate Anaerobes – carry out only fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen ...
... ◦ Facultative Anaerobes- an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration when oxygen is available but switches to fermentation when oxygen is not available ◦ Obligate Anaerobes – carry out only fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen ...
... synthesis (gluconeogenesis)? You should name the enzymes involved and clearly state how they are regulated and why they are regulated in this manner. • F26P levels would fall since they are proportional to blood glucose levels (the enzyme that degrades F26P is active when phosphorylated). • PFK-1 in ...
E. coli
... other respiratory electron acceptors, but oxygenated cultures also excrete significant amounts of acetate and formate, a significant concern for ...
... other respiratory electron acceptors, but oxygenated cultures also excrete significant amounts of acetate and formate, a significant concern for ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.