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Inflammation and ER Stress Regulate Branched
... determine the effect of cytokines on BCAA metabolism, we treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with TNF␣ and measured the mRNA levels of genes linked to BCAA metabolism. Figure 2A shows that essentially the entire BCAA pathway is coordinately down-regulated in response to TNF␣. In addition, the expression of pr ...
... determine the effect of cytokines on BCAA metabolism, we treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with TNF␣ and measured the mRNA levels of genes linked to BCAA metabolism. Figure 2A shows that essentially the entire BCAA pathway is coordinately down-regulated in response to TNF␣. In addition, the expression of pr ...
Can sugars be produced from fatty acids? A test case for pathway
... between different organisms. Therefore, we filtered the results by choosing, from the output, those enzymes that are present in humans. That information can easily be obtained from KEGG. We queried PathFinding (April, 2008) to indicate 50 paths leading from AcCoA to G6P, and PathFinding is indeed ab ...
... between different organisms. Therefore, we filtered the results by choosing, from the output, those enzymes that are present in humans. That information can easily be obtained from KEGG. We queried PathFinding (April, 2008) to indicate 50 paths leading from AcCoA to G6P, and PathFinding is indeed ab ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... doubling times 28 + 2.5 h. These growth rates were by far lower than those obtained for growth with glycerol, namely, 0.14 __+0.015 h -1. As shown in Table 2, acetate was the major fermentation product, but also 1,3-propanediol and low amounts of an aldehyde, probably fl-hydroxypropionaldehyde, were ...
... doubling times 28 + 2.5 h. These growth rates were by far lower than those obtained for growth with glycerol, namely, 0.14 __+0.015 h -1. As shown in Table 2, acetate was the major fermentation product, but also 1,3-propanediol and low amounts of an aldehyde, probably fl-hydroxypropionaldehyde, were ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... Even the brain can use ketone bodies to help meet its energy needs if the blood levels rise sufficiently Thus ketone bodies spare glucose. This is important during prolonged periods of fasting ...
... Even the brain can use ketone bodies to help meet its energy needs if the blood levels rise sufficiently Thus ketone bodies spare glucose. This is important during prolonged periods of fasting ...
الشريحة 1
... exclusive carbohydrate circulating in blood. • Glucose is a reducing monosaccharide that serves as the principal fuel of all the tissues. It enters the cell through the influence of insulin and undergoes a series of chemical reactions to produce energy. • The glucose level in the blood is maintained ...
... exclusive carbohydrate circulating in blood. • Glucose is a reducing monosaccharide that serves as the principal fuel of all the tissues. It enters the cell through the influence of insulin and undergoes a series of chemical reactions to produce energy. • The glucose level in the blood is maintained ...
bile acid testing - Blue Cross Animal Hospital
... What is the purpose of the bile acid test? The bile acid test is performed to determine if the liver is able to do its job. In order to function properly, the liver must have enough healthy cells to do the job, and a good blood supply. If the liver has enough healthy cells, it is described as having ...
... What is the purpose of the bile acid test? The bile acid test is performed to determine if the liver is able to do its job. In order to function properly, the liver must have enough healthy cells to do the job, and a good blood supply. If the liver has enough healthy cells, it is described as having ...
Decreased Complete Oxidation Capacity of Fatty Acid in the Liver of
... a consequence, fatty acids may be accumulated in hepatic cells (Jonas et al., 1978), and the fatty acid complete oxidation process decreased (Murondoti, 2004). Therefore, liver fatty acid complete oxidation may be a key factor involved in decreasing BHBA and providing more ATP to prevent ketosis, bu ...
... a consequence, fatty acids may be accumulated in hepatic cells (Jonas et al., 1978), and the fatty acid complete oxidation process decreased (Murondoti, 2004). Therefore, liver fatty acid complete oxidation may be a key factor involved in decreasing BHBA and providing more ATP to prevent ketosis, bu ...
Chapter 7 - Medical Image Analysis
... Great advances have been made in recent years concerning the understanding of the regulation of the activity of transporters and enzymes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle. We know that the activity of transporters and enzymes is not only modulated by means of phosphory ...
... Great advances have been made in recent years concerning the understanding of the regulation of the activity of transporters and enzymes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle. We know that the activity of transporters and enzymes is not only modulated by means of phosphory ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Berkeley MCB
... ◦ Cofactors in enzymes ● Where do we get them? Diet and from glucose (and other sugars) via the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. ● Is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway just about making ribose sugars from glucose? (1) Important for biosynthetic pathways using NADPH, and (2) a high cytosolic reducing potential ...
... ◦ Cofactors in enzymes ● Where do we get them? Diet and from glucose (and other sugars) via the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. ● Is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway just about making ribose sugars from glucose? (1) Important for biosynthetic pathways using NADPH, and (2) a high cytosolic reducing potential ...
Metabolism
... CHO availability before, during, and after exercise. • Blood glucose may also come from indirect sources (i.e., lactate). • Because skeletal muscle is the largest tissue containing enzymes of glycolysis, much of the glucose-to-lactate conversion is thought to occur in muscle. • Approximately 60% of ...
... CHO availability before, during, and after exercise. • Blood glucose may also come from indirect sources (i.e., lactate). • Because skeletal muscle is the largest tissue containing enzymes of glycolysis, much of the glucose-to-lactate conversion is thought to occur in muscle. • Approximately 60% of ...
Fatty acid transport proteins: a current view of a
... utilizing organs. The differential distribution of glucose among organs is facilitated by tissue-specific expression of a family of different glucose transporters, in addition to different abilities to respond to insulin changes34. The mechanisms by which the flux of LCFAs into organs is regulated a ...
... utilizing organs. The differential distribution of glucose among organs is facilitated by tissue-specific expression of a family of different glucose transporters, in addition to different abilities to respond to insulin changes34. The mechanisms by which the flux of LCFAs into organs is regulated a ...
Flux distributions in anaerobic, glucose-limited
... that reactions consuming and producing the four compounds must balance in each compartment. S. cerevisiae has a number of carriers for di- and tricarboxylic acids that allows exchange of the TCA-cycle intermediates between the two compartments. The function of these carriers has been established in ...
... that reactions consuming and producing the four compounds must balance in each compartment. S. cerevisiae has a number of carriers for di- and tricarboxylic acids that allows exchange of the TCA-cycle intermediates between the two compartments. The function of these carriers has been established in ...
12-Glycolysis2016-11-15 13:225.6 MB
... Regulation by: allosteric effectors. When ATP and Citrate are abundant (more than enough) they inhibit the reaction N.B they are not involved in the chemical reaction they have allosteric effect ...
... Regulation by: allosteric effectors. When ATP and Citrate are abundant (more than enough) they inhibit the reaction N.B they are not involved in the chemical reaction they have allosteric effect ...
21. glycolysis
... (or other divalent metal ions such as Mn , Ca etc) for activity. The 2 lobes of hexokinase remain separate in the absence of its substrate molecule, i.e., glucose. However, the conformation changes markedly on binding with glucose and the 2 lobes of the enzyme come together Glucose and surround the ...
... (or other divalent metal ions such as Mn , Ca etc) for activity. The 2 lobes of hexokinase remain separate in the absence of its substrate molecule, i.e., glucose. However, the conformation changes markedly on binding with glucose and the 2 lobes of the enzyme come together Glucose and surround the ...
Nerve activates contraction
... • Not all the organic molecules of food are completely oxidized to make ATP. • Intermediaries in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle can be diverted to anabolic pathways. • For example, a human cell can synthesize about half the 20 different amino acids by modifying compounds from the Krebs cycle. ...
... • Not all the organic molecules of food are completely oxidized to make ATP. • Intermediaries in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle can be diverted to anabolic pathways. • For example, a human cell can synthesize about half the 20 different amino acids by modifying compounds from the Krebs cycle. ...
Supporting Information Legends Figure S1. Lipid and fatty acid
... Figure S7. Free sterols and sterol glucosides in R. irregularis and L. japonicus. (a) Free sterol (FS) and (b) sterol glucoside (SG) molecular species composition in extraradical mycelium (ERM) and in mock-infected and mycorrhized L. japonicus roots grown with low phosphate. Data show means and SDs ...
... Figure S7. Free sterols and sterol glucosides in R. irregularis and L. japonicus. (a) Free sterol (FS) and (b) sterol glucoside (SG) molecular species composition in extraradical mycelium (ERM) and in mock-infected and mycorrhized L. japonicus roots grown with low phosphate. Data show means and SDs ...
statins i
... → increase of bile acids synthesis from CH (activation of 7-αhydroxylasis) → increase of liver LDL uptake (up-regulation of LDL-receptor) → cholesterol tissue mobilization and uptake from plasma to liver ...
... → increase of bile acids synthesis from CH (activation of 7-αhydroxylasis) → increase of liver LDL uptake (up-regulation of LDL-receptor) → cholesterol tissue mobilization and uptake from plasma to liver ...
Valine Mydrogenase from Streptmzyces fiadipe
... Valine dehydrogenase (VDH ; EC 1.4.1.8) activity was detected in a cell-free extract of Streptomycesfiadk in which it was thought to be a mgulatory enzyme involved in biosynthesis of n-butyrate, a buiiding unit of the oligoketideantibiotictylosin ( b u r a et al., 1983). Inhibition of VDH synthesisa ...
... Valine dehydrogenase (VDH ; EC 1.4.1.8) activity was detected in a cell-free extract of Streptomycesfiadk in which it was thought to be a mgulatory enzyme involved in biosynthesis of n-butyrate, a buiiding unit of the oligoketideantibiotictylosin ( b u r a et al., 1983). Inhibition of VDH synthesisa ...
CITRIC ACID (KREB`S, TCA) CYCLE
... The citric acid cycle is regulated at multiple points. However, in general it is safe to say that it is inhibited by ATP and NADH. The inhibition by NADH keeps it tightly regulated by oxygen supply, since NADH is converted to NAD+ by oxidative phosphorylation. The inhibition by ATP keeps the citric ...
... The citric acid cycle is regulated at multiple points. However, in general it is safe to say that it is inhibited by ATP and NADH. The inhibition by NADH keeps it tightly regulated by oxygen supply, since NADH is converted to NAD+ by oxidative phosphorylation. The inhibition by ATP keeps the citric ...
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral
... (Stadtman, 1963) or glutamate (Buckel and Barker, 1974). However, acetic acid can also arise from glucose via pyruvate. Similarly, butyric acid can readily be formed from acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate. Two acetyl residues are condensed to yield acetoacetyl-CoA which undergoes /?-reduction to buty ...
... (Stadtman, 1963) or glutamate (Buckel and Barker, 1974). However, acetic acid can also arise from glucose via pyruvate. Similarly, butyric acid can readily be formed from acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate. Two acetyl residues are condensed to yield acetoacetyl-CoA which undergoes /?-reduction to buty ...
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral
... (Stadtman, 1963) or glutamate (Buckel and Barker, 1974). However, acetic acid can also arise from glucose via pyruvate. Similarly, butyric acid can readily be formed from acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate. Two acetyl residues are condensed to yield acetoacetyl-CoA which undergoes /?-reduction to buty ...
... (Stadtman, 1963) or glutamate (Buckel and Barker, 1974). However, acetic acid can also arise from glucose via pyruvate. Similarly, butyric acid can readily be formed from acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate. Two acetyl residues are condensed to yield acetoacetyl-CoA which undergoes /?-reduction to buty ...
Mitochondrial b
... the second dehydrogenation is linked to complex I of the respiratory chain via NADH. Hence, ATP production from b-oxidation comes both from direct production of reduced cofactors, and from subsequent oxidation of acetyl-CoA. There are multiple enzymes for each of the constituent steps of the pathway ...
... the second dehydrogenation is linked to complex I of the respiratory chain via NADH. Hence, ATP production from b-oxidation comes both from direct production of reduced cofactors, and from subsequent oxidation of acetyl-CoA. There are multiple enzymes for each of the constituent steps of the pathway ...
The Citric Acid Cycle Is a Source of Biosynthetic Precursors
... It is most likely that the citric acid cycle was assembled from preexisting reaction pathways. As noted earlier, many of the intermediates formed in the citric acid cycle are used in biosynthetic pathways to generate amino acids and porphyrins. Thus, compounds such as pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and ...
... It is most likely that the citric acid cycle was assembled from preexisting reaction pathways. As noted earlier, many of the intermediates formed in the citric acid cycle are used in biosynthetic pathways to generate amino acids and porphyrins. Thus, compounds such as pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and ...
Glyceroneogenesis
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Glycerol-3-phosphate.png?width=300)
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.