Regulation of hepatic metabolism by AMPK - HAL
... two regulatory subunits ( and ). AMPK activation requires phosphorylation on Thr172 within the activation loop of the catalytic -subunit by upstream kinase, identified as the liver kinase B1 (LKB1). (2) AMPK is activated in response to a variety of physiological processes and pathological stresse ...
... two regulatory subunits ( and ). AMPK activation requires phosphorylation on Thr172 within the activation loop of the catalytic -subunit by upstream kinase, identified as the liver kinase B1 (LKB1). (2) AMPK is activated in response to a variety of physiological processes and pathological stresse ...
Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylases: Versatile targets for
... et al., 2000]. The B domain may undergo a large conformational change during catalysis by the enzyme. The free enzymes of bacterial BC subunits are observed in an open conformation for the B domain, whereas the structure in complex with ATP has a closed conformation for this domain. In comparison, t ...
... et al., 2000]. The B domain may undergo a large conformational change during catalysis by the enzyme. The free enzymes of bacterial BC subunits are observed in an open conformation for the B domain, whereas the structure in complex with ATP has a closed conformation for this domain. In comparison, t ...
Cellular Respiration Worksheet and Answers
... 20. The usefulness of fermentation as a means of deriving energy is limited because a. It cannot generate enough ATP b. It produces too much NH2 c. The end products are toxic to the producer d. It uses more energy than it produces ...
... 20. The usefulness of fermentation as a means of deriving energy is limited because a. It cannot generate enough ATP b. It produces too much NH2 c. The end products are toxic to the producer d. It uses more energy than it produces ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex and Tricarboxylic Acid
... • Converts acetyl-CoA to two CO2 while conserving the free energy for ATP production. – The energy is stored as: three NADHs, one FADH2, and one GTP. • Intermediates from the TCA-cycle can be used to synthesize molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids. ...
... • Converts acetyl-CoA to two CO2 while conserving the free energy for ATP production. – The energy is stored as: three NADHs, one FADH2, and one GTP. • Intermediates from the TCA-cycle can be used to synthesize molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids. ...
chapt05_lecture
... 2. White Adipose Tissue (White Fat) a. Fat stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides b. Great way to store energy: 1 gram fat = 9 kcal energy. 1) In a nonobese 155-pound man, 80-85% of his stored energy is in fat. (140,000 calories) c. Lipolysis: breaking triglycerides down into fatty acids and gly ...
... 2. White Adipose Tissue (White Fat) a. Fat stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides b. Great way to store energy: 1 gram fat = 9 kcal energy. 1) In a nonobese 155-pound man, 80-85% of his stored energy is in fat. (140,000 calories) c. Lipolysis: breaking triglycerides down into fatty acids and gly ...
35 Amino acid breakdown Amino acids comprise one of the three
... methylene tetrahydrofolate, which can then be used for other biosynthetic processes. This pathway therefore requires free tetrahydrofolate. Both reactions are reversible; if methylene tetrahydrofolate is available, serine levels tend to increase, and serine may be converted to pyruvate. ...
... methylene tetrahydrofolate, which can then be used for other biosynthetic processes. This pathway therefore requires free tetrahydrofolate. Both reactions are reversible; if methylene tetrahydrofolate is available, serine levels tend to increase, and serine may be converted to pyruvate. ...
Fatty Acid Oxid - Univerzita Karlova v Praze
... As with other carboxylation reactions, the enzyme prosthetic group is biotin. ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotin, carried out at one active site 1 , is followed by transfer of the carboxyl group to acetyl-CoA at a second active site 2 . ...
... As with other carboxylation reactions, the enzyme prosthetic group is biotin. ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotin, carried out at one active site 1 , is followed by transfer of the carboxyl group to acetyl-CoA at a second active site 2 . ...
Insect Biochemistry 15:
... study represents the first purification of this enzyme from insects to homogeneity. The study of the insect neuromuscular junction is likely to uncover a unique biochemical region, in that other animals (except crustaceans) are only known to possess cholinergically mediated nerve-muscle transmission ...
... study represents the first purification of this enzyme from insects to homogeneity. The study of the insect neuromuscular junction is likely to uncover a unique biochemical region, in that other animals (except crustaceans) are only known to possess cholinergically mediated nerve-muscle transmission ...
Fatty Acid Oxid
... As with other carboxylation reactions, the enzyme prosthetic group is biotin. ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotin, carried out at one active site 1 , is followed by transfer of the carboxyl group to acetyl-CoA at a second active site 2 . ...
... As with other carboxylation reactions, the enzyme prosthetic group is biotin. ATP-dependent carboxylation of the biotin, carried out at one active site 1 , is followed by transfer of the carboxyl group to acetyl-CoA at a second active site 2 . ...
Problem Set #3 Key
... Under anaerobic conditions, 2 ATP are produced (net) per mole of glucose. 7 ATP are made per mole of glucose in glycolysis aerobically; but anaerobically, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase at a cost of 2 NADH (5 ATP). Therefore 7 ATP - 5 ATP = 2 ATP. Since no O2 is present fo ...
... Under anaerobic conditions, 2 ATP are produced (net) per mole of glucose. 7 ATP are made per mole of glucose in glycolysis aerobically; but anaerobically, pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase at a cost of 2 NADH (5 ATP). Therefore 7 ATP - 5 ATP = 2 ATP. Since no O2 is present fo ...
Practical part
... 8. Objective of biochemical investigations: the whole organism and its organs, tissues, cells, homogenates, subcellular organelles, extracts and molecular biocomplexes. 9. Clinical and diagnostic significance of biochemical investigation. 10. Biological material used in biochemical investigations. 1 ...
... 8. Objective of biochemical investigations: the whole organism and its organs, tissues, cells, homogenates, subcellular organelles, extracts and molecular biocomplexes. 9. Clinical and diagnostic significance of biochemical investigation. 10. Biological material used in biochemical investigations. 1 ...
Respiration
... Note to class- I am slowing removing some of the names of the molecules you do not need to know See Handout 4 names 6) The two G3P molecules gain P and are oxidized, forming 2NADH + 2H+ 7) Phosphoglycerokinase catalyzes P from the molecule forming 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) 8) The enzy ...
... Note to class- I am slowing removing some of the names of the molecules you do not need to know See Handout 4 names 6) The two G3P molecules gain P and are oxidized, forming 2NADH + 2H+ 7) Phosphoglycerokinase catalyzes P from the molecule forming 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) 8) The enzy ...
13synthesis
... 4-the reductant in fatty acid synthesis is NADPH, 5-elongation of F.A is stopped at C16 and further elongation or insertion of double bonds are carried by other enzyme systems. * Large proportion of F.A used in the body is supplied by diet excess CHO and protein are converted into F.A. - F.A are syn ...
... 4-the reductant in fatty acid synthesis is NADPH, 5-elongation of F.A is stopped at C16 and further elongation or insertion of double bonds are carried by other enzyme systems. * Large proportion of F.A used in the body is supplied by diet excess CHO and protein are converted into F.A. - F.A are syn ...
Systems-level metabolic flux profiling identifies fatty acid synthesis as a target for anti-viral therapy.
... genes, as well as modulation of host cell transcription14. This is followed by transcription of a wider set of viral genes, viral DNA replication and extensive viral protein synthesis over the subsequent 48 h, resulting eventually in the production and release of new virions15,16. It has been known ...
... genes, as well as modulation of host cell transcription14. This is followed by transcription of a wider set of viral genes, viral DNA replication and extensive viral protein synthesis over the subsequent 48 h, resulting eventually in the production and release of new virions15,16. It has been known ...
16. Energy Metabolism
... The liver serves as an intermediary between the dietary sources of energy and the extrahepatic tissues that are the main users of energy. In that capacity the liver receives, by way of the portal circulation, the various small molecules arising from digestion, sorts them for metabolism and storage, ...
... The liver serves as an intermediary between the dietary sources of energy and the extrahepatic tissues that are the main users of energy. In that capacity the liver receives, by way of the portal circulation, the various small molecules arising from digestion, sorts them for metabolism and storage, ...
Chapter 24
... cholesterol synthesis is formation of 3R-mevalonate from HMG-CoA by HMG-CoA reductase, which catalyzes two NADPH-dependent reductions. This enzyme is carefully regulated by 1) phosphorylation leading to inactivation, 2) degradation, and 3) gene expression. Mevalonate, a six-carbon intermediate, is c ...
... cholesterol synthesis is formation of 3R-mevalonate from HMG-CoA by HMG-CoA reductase, which catalyzes two NADPH-dependent reductions. This enzyme is carefully regulated by 1) phosphorylation leading to inactivation, 2) degradation, and 3) gene expression. Mevalonate, a six-carbon intermediate, is c ...
Załącznik nr 3 do Zarządzenia Rektora PUM…………………….. z
... reactions of pentose phosphate pathway. Hormonal regulation of pentose phosphate pathway. Uronic acid pathway and the role of active glucuronide. The metabolism of fructose. The metabolism of galactose. Defects in the metabolism of fructose and galactose. Tissue glucose metabolism Carbohydrate metab ...
... reactions of pentose phosphate pathway. Hormonal regulation of pentose phosphate pathway. Uronic acid pathway and the role of active glucuronide. The metabolism of fructose. The metabolism of galactose. Defects in the metabolism of fructose and galactose. Tissue glucose metabolism Carbohydrate metab ...
X-ray Crystallographic Structure of Ibuprofen Bound to Human
... proteins, which bind to long-chain fatty acids with high affinity. Fatty acid binding proteins were first discovered in 1972, while conducting studies on the factors that regulate the uptake of intestinal fatty acids in rats. These proteins are most abundantly found in the tissues engaged in active ...
... proteins, which bind to long-chain fatty acids with high affinity. Fatty acid binding proteins were first discovered in 1972, while conducting studies on the factors that regulate the uptake of intestinal fatty acids in rats. These proteins are most abundantly found in the tissues engaged in active ...
Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT)
... gradient of glucose (and other sugars) across plasma membranes and exhibit different substrate specificities, kinetic properties and tissue expression profiles. The first transporter to be isolated, GLUT1, was cloned from a HepG2 cell line (Mueckler et al. 1985). Identification of other members of t ...
... gradient of glucose (and other sugars) across plasma membranes and exhibit different substrate specificities, kinetic properties and tissue expression profiles. The first transporter to be isolated, GLUT1, was cloned from a HepG2 cell line (Mueckler et al. 1985). Identification of other members of t ...
mTORC1 Activates SREBP-1c and Uncouples Lipogenesis From Gluconeogenesis Please share
... but it is widely accepted that both ectopic fat accumulation in nonadipose tissues and low-grade inflammation reduce the efficiency of insulin in activating its cellular targets (1). In the insulin-resistant state, the reduction in the ability of insulin to activate Akt triggers FoxO1 nuclear localiza ...
... but it is widely accepted that both ectopic fat accumulation in nonadipose tissues and low-grade inflammation reduce the efficiency of insulin in activating its cellular targets (1). In the insulin-resistant state, the reduction in the ability of insulin to activate Akt triggers FoxO1 nuclear localiza ...
Chapter 23
... double bond, and reduction of the alcoholic carbon to a ketone by an NAD +-dependent enzyme. In -oxidation (Figure 23.10), a similar series operates but with an acyl-CoA as substrate and thiolysis of the product to release acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA, two carbons shorter. The FAD-dependent enzy ...
... double bond, and reduction of the alcoholic carbon to a ketone by an NAD +-dependent enzyme. In -oxidation (Figure 23.10), a similar series operates but with an acyl-CoA as substrate and thiolysis of the product to release acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA, two carbons shorter. The FAD-dependent enzy ...
0 13C labeling of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and carbon conversion
... nitrogen and stored at -80 °C for protein extraction. The lipid extractions were dried down under nitrogen for methylation, to cleave triacylglycerol (TAG) fatty acids from their glycerol backbones and to create volatile fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). To solubilize the dried lipid extracts, 0.5 ...
... nitrogen and stored at -80 °C for protein extraction. The lipid extractions were dried down under nitrogen for methylation, to cleave triacylglycerol (TAG) fatty acids from their glycerol backbones and to create volatile fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). To solubilize the dried lipid extracts, 0.5 ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... As each of the substrates acetyl-CoA & malonyl-CoA bind to the complex, the initial attacking group is the oxygen of a serine hydroxyl group of the Malonyl/acetyl-CoA Transacylase enzyme domain. Each acetyl or malonyl moiety is transiently in ester linkage to this serine hydroxyl, before being trans ...
... As each of the substrates acetyl-CoA & malonyl-CoA bind to the complex, the initial attacking group is the oxygen of a serine hydroxyl group of the Malonyl/acetyl-CoA Transacylase enzyme domain. Each acetyl or malonyl moiety is transiently in ester linkage to this serine hydroxyl, before being trans ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.