File Ref.No.7054/GA - IV - J1/2013/CU UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
... Enzyme catalysis and Mechanism of enzyme action-: Idea of enzyme specificity; Concept of active site and the ‘lock and key’ model of Emil Fischer; Koshland’s induced fit theory of enzyme catalysis. Standard free energy change in a reaction. Transition state, energy of activation of non-enzymatic and ...
... Enzyme catalysis and Mechanism of enzyme action-: Idea of enzyme specificity; Concept of active site and the ‘lock and key’ model of Emil Fischer; Koshland’s induced fit theory of enzyme catalysis. Standard free energy change in a reaction. Transition state, energy of activation of non-enzymatic and ...
electron transport chain
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
REPRODUCTION
... transportation into cells by SLC2A4 tends to be more reliant on insulin and insulin-like growth factors levels than on glucose concentration (Charron et al. 1989). In addition to having a poor capacity to take up glucose, the bovine oocyte has low phosphofructokinase activity (PFK, one of the rate-l ...
... transportation into cells by SLC2A4 tends to be more reliant on insulin and insulin-like growth factors levels than on glucose concentration (Charron et al. 1989). In addition to having a poor capacity to take up glucose, the bovine oocyte has low phosphofructokinase activity (PFK, one of the rate-l ...
Objectives 19 - u.arizona.edu
... 1. HEME SYNTHESIS - heme is an iron containing prosthetic group found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes - heme binds O2, participates in electron transfer, or oxidizes exogenous molecule - reaction for synthesis occur both in cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix; final step of pathway incorp ...
... 1. HEME SYNTHESIS - heme is an iron containing prosthetic group found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes - heme binds O2, participates in electron transfer, or oxidizes exogenous molecule - reaction for synthesis occur both in cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix; final step of pathway incorp ...
Metabolism of amino acids
... Amino nitrogen released from carbon sceletons of AAs can be transported in blood as a) NH4+ physiologically up to 35 µmol/l (NH3 + H + b) alanine ...
... Amino nitrogen released from carbon sceletons of AAs can be transported in blood as a) NH4+ physiologically up to 35 µmol/l (NH3 + H + b) alanine ...
Glycolysis Reactions
... Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP. Glycolysis can be carried out anerobically (in the absence of oxygen) and is thus an especially important pathway for organisms that can ferment sugars. Fo ...
... Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP. Glycolysis can be carried out anerobically (in the absence of oxygen) and is thus an especially important pathway for organisms that can ferment sugars. Fo ...
Cellular Respiration & Fermentation
... • In the first phase of glycolysis – ATP is used to energize a glucose molecule, which is then split in two Steps 1 – 3 A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. ...
... • In the first phase of glycolysis – ATP is used to energize a glucose molecule, which is then split in two Steps 1 – 3 A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. ...
AP Biology Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Guided Notes
... • The citric acid cycle has eight steps, each catalyzed by a specific ______________ • The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with _________________, forming ________________ • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle • The ___ ...
... • The citric acid cycle has eight steps, each catalyzed by a specific ______________ • The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with _________________, forming ________________ • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle • The ___ ...
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... • In the first phase of glycolysis – ATP is used to energize a glucose molecule, which is then split in two Steps 1 – 3 A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. ...
... • In the first phase of glycolysis – ATP is used to energize a glucose molecule, which is then split in two Steps 1 – 3 A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. ...
regulation of mammalian acetyl
... response to various internal and external factors that affect lipogenesis, such as hormonal (22, 33, 46, 58, 59, 96, 103, 104), dietary (13, 23, 41, 55, 68, 70, 74), developmental (7, 17, 55, 86), and genetic factors (12, 70, 73). These environmental factors exert their effects at both the protein l ...
... response to various internal and external factors that affect lipogenesis, such as hormonal (22, 33, 46, 58, 59, 96, 103, 104), dietary (13, 23, 41, 55, 68, 70, 74), developmental (7, 17, 55, 86), and genetic factors (12, 70, 73). These environmental factors exert their effects at both the protein l ...
"Fermentation Pathways". In: Microbial Physiology (Fourth Edition)
... neutral or slightly acid pH and an anaerobic environment. The major products formed under these conditions are carbon dioxide and ethanol. The sequence of reactions involved in this pathway is presented in Figure 8-1. However, certain facets of the alcoholic fermentation of yeast bear additional con ...
... neutral or slightly acid pH and an anaerobic environment. The major products formed under these conditions are carbon dioxide and ethanol. The sequence of reactions involved in this pathway is presented in Figure 8-1. However, certain facets of the alcoholic fermentation of yeast bear additional con ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... • The catabolism of the amino acids found in proteins involves the removal of α-amino groups, followed by the breakdown of the resulting carbon skeletons. • These pathways converge to form seven intermediate products: oxaloacetate, αketoglutarate, pyruvate, fumarate, succinyl coenzyme A (CoA), acety ...
... • The catabolism of the amino acids found in proteins involves the removal of α-amino groups, followed by the breakdown of the resulting carbon skeletons. • These pathways converge to form seven intermediate products: oxaloacetate, αketoglutarate, pyruvate, fumarate, succinyl coenzyme A (CoA), acety ...
Biosynthesis of lipoxygenase, lipids and its fatty acid composition of
... Biosynthesis of Lipoxygenase, Lipids and its Fatty Acid Composition of Actinomycetes and Yeast ...
... Biosynthesis of Lipoxygenase, Lipids and its Fatty Acid Composition of Actinomycetes and Yeast ...
LEC 7 respiration
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
Lactic Acidosis
... Under normal aerobic conditions glucose is converted to pyruvate, which is in turn converted to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA then combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, and so enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle of biochemical reactions then produces water, CO2 and most importantly, ATP, the prim ...
... Under normal aerobic conditions glucose is converted to pyruvate, which is in turn converted to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA then combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, and so enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle of biochemical reactions then produces water, CO2 and most importantly, ATP, the prim ...
Respiration
... intermembrance space B. Electrons are transported across the membrane using ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) and cytochrome C ...
... intermembrance space B. Electrons are transported across the membrane using ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) and cytochrome C ...
What is Xtend - Bodybuilding.com Forums
... alanine and glutamine, and modulators of protein synthesis, is governed by their availability. Research suggests that first and foremost the BCAA are used for the synthesis of protein structures (Layman, 2003). Research on leucine shows that once the minimum requirement of leucine for protein synthe ...
... alanine and glutamine, and modulators of protein synthesis, is governed by their availability. Research suggests that first and foremost the BCAA are used for the synthesis of protein structures (Layman, 2003). Research on leucine shows that once the minimum requirement of leucine for protein synthe ...
Chapter 9
... • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP ...
... • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.