FATTY ACID METABOLISM
... respiration and are quantitatively important as sources of energy. – Heart muscle and the renal cortex use acetoacetate in preference to glucose. – In contrast, glucose is the major fuel for the brain and red blood cells in normal conditions. – However, the brain adapts to the utilization of acetoac ...
... respiration and are quantitatively important as sources of energy. – Heart muscle and the renal cortex use acetoacetate in preference to glucose. – In contrast, glucose is the major fuel for the brain and red blood cells in normal conditions. – However, the brain adapts to the utilization of acetoac ...
Unravelling Insulin Resistance
... • GLUT1- is widely distributed in foetal tissues. In the adult, it is expressed at highest levels in erythrocytes and also in the endothelial cells of barrier tissues such as the bloodbrain barrier. • GLUT2- is expressed by liver and pancreatic β cells. • GLUT3- is an isoform expressed mostly in neu ...
... • GLUT1- is widely distributed in foetal tissues. In the adult, it is expressed at highest levels in erythrocytes and also in the endothelial cells of barrier tissues such as the bloodbrain barrier. • GLUT2- is expressed by liver and pancreatic β cells. • GLUT3- is an isoform expressed mostly in neu ...
Studies on the extra-mitochondrial CoA
... firstly an adenylyl transfer step from ATP to the fatty acid, forming an acyl-adenylate and pyrophosphate (PPi). The activated intermediate (acyl-AMP) is then attacked by CoASH, yielding the acyl-CoA product and AMP [4,5]. ACS are generally classified according to their specificities towards fatty a ...
... firstly an adenylyl transfer step from ATP to the fatty acid, forming an acyl-adenylate and pyrophosphate (PPi). The activated intermediate (acyl-AMP) is then attacked by CoASH, yielding the acyl-CoA product and AMP [4,5]. ACS are generally classified according to their specificities towards fatty a ...
Engineering Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Metabolism in Saccharomyces
... A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain carrying deletions in all three pyruvate decarboxylase genes (also called Pdc negative yeast) represents a non-ethanol producing platform strain for biochemical production. However, it cannot grow on glucose as the sole carbon source due to the lack of cytosolic ace ...
... A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain carrying deletions in all three pyruvate decarboxylase genes (also called Pdc negative yeast) represents a non-ethanol producing platform strain for biochemical production. However, it cannot grow on glucose as the sole carbon source due to the lack of cytosolic ace ...
BI25M1
... (made from vitamin B6) as a cofactor. Measurement of (normally intracellular) transaminases in plasma allows progression of liver and heart disease (in which cell damage and enzyme leakage ...
... (made from vitamin B6) as a cofactor. Measurement of (normally intracellular) transaminases in plasma allows progression of liver and heart disease (in which cell damage and enzyme leakage ...
Pharos university Faculty of Allied Medical SCIENCE Biochemistry 1
... As the properties of the amino acids and their role in proteins are determined by the side chain , therefore amino acids are classified ...
... As the properties of the amino acids and their role in proteins are determined by the side chain , therefore amino acids are classified ...
userfiles/153/my files/09_lecture_presentation 2015?id=1069
... • The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules • This released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP • Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions -In oxidation, a s ...
... • The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules • This released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP • Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions -In oxidation, a s ...
Classification of amino acids: -
... Amino acids perform structural, hormonal and catalytic functions essential for life by forming proteins. It is not surprising that genetic defects in metabolism of amino acids can result in mental retardation and early death. Also transport defects of amino acids into cells result in excretion of th ...
... Amino acids perform structural, hormonal and catalytic functions essential for life by forming proteins. It is not surprising that genetic defects in metabolism of amino acids can result in mental retardation and early death. Also transport defects of amino acids into cells result in excretion of th ...
Ch20.1 Amino-acids-degradation and synthesis
... acetoacetyl CoA directly, without pyruvate serving as an intermediate (through the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction). As mentioned previously, phenylalanine and tyrosine also give rise to acetoacetate during their catabolism. Therefore, there are a total of six ketogenic amino acids. 1. Leucine: Th ...
... acetoacetyl CoA directly, without pyruvate serving as an intermediate (through the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction). As mentioned previously, phenylalanine and tyrosine also give rise to acetoacetate during their catabolism. Therefore, there are a total of six ketogenic amino acids. 1. Leucine: Th ...
29 Pathways of Sugar Metabolism: Pentose
... a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. It has a much lower affinity for fructose l-phosphate than fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (although the kcat is the same) and is very slow at physiologic levels of fructose 1-phosphate. As a consequence, after ingesting a high dose of fructose, normal individuals acc ...
... a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. It has a much lower affinity for fructose l-phosphate than fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (although the kcat is the same) and is very slow at physiologic levels of fructose 1-phosphate. As a consequence, after ingesting a high dose of fructose, normal individuals acc ...
Gene expression profiling of mice with genetically modified muscle
... different GLUTs (glucose transporters) to mediate glucose entry into the cell, as well as different forms of hexokinase/glucokinase for the phosphorylation of glucose. There are two genes, GYS1 and GYS2, encoding glycogen synthase in both mouse and human genomes. To date, GYS2 is only known to be ex ...
... different GLUTs (glucose transporters) to mediate glucose entry into the cell, as well as different forms of hexokinase/glucokinase for the phosphorylation of glucose. There are two genes, GYS1 and GYS2, encoding glycogen synthase in both mouse and human genomes. To date, GYS2 is only known to be ex ...
electron transport chain
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.