British Journal of Nutrition
... changes in glucose, lipid and protein utilisation. B-group vitamins are involved in energy metabolism via metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids. To determine how changes in energy metabolism alter B-group vitamin concentrations during starvation, we measured the concentration of e ...
... changes in glucose, lipid and protein utilisation. B-group vitamins are involved in energy metabolism via metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids. To determine how changes in energy metabolism alter B-group vitamin concentrations during starvation, we measured the concentration of e ...
The Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Insulin
... sensitivity [53]. BCATm catalyzes the transfer of an α-amino group from a BCAA to α-ketoglutarate, forming glutamate and the three respective branched-chain α-keto acids. Depletion of BCATm elevates BCAA levels 10 times relative to wild type mice due to the blockage of BCAA catabolism. Unexpectedly, ...
... sensitivity [53]. BCATm catalyzes the transfer of an α-amino group from a BCAA to α-ketoglutarate, forming glutamate and the three respective branched-chain α-keto acids. Depletion of BCATm elevates BCAA levels 10 times relative to wild type mice due to the blockage of BCAA catabolism. Unexpectedly, ...
Table 2. - Cambridge University Press
... changes in glucose, lipid and protein utilisation. B-group vitamins are involved in energy metabolism via metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids. To determine how changes in energy metabolism alter B-group vitamin concentrations during starvation, we measured the concentration of e ...
... changes in glucose, lipid and protein utilisation. B-group vitamins are involved in energy metabolism via metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids. To determine how changes in energy metabolism alter B-group vitamin concentrations during starvation, we measured the concentration of e ...
Carbon conversion efficiency and central - Shachar
... convert carbon and nitrogen precursors provided by the mother plant into stable reserves required for germination and seedling establishment. The efficiency of the overall metabolic processes involved in accumulating seed storage products will determine the amount of reserve material available for t ...
... convert carbon and nitrogen precursors provided by the mother plant into stable reserves required for germination and seedling establishment. The efficiency of the overall metabolic processes involved in accumulating seed storage products will determine the amount of reserve material available for t ...
Acetaminophen and Salicylates Toxicity and Management
... Chung PY, Sitrin MD, Te HS. Serum phosphorus level predict clinical outcome in fulminant hepatic failure. Liver Transplantation. 2003;9:248-253 ...
... Chung PY, Sitrin MD, Te HS. Serum phosphorus level predict clinical outcome in fulminant hepatic failure. Liver Transplantation. 2003;9:248-253 ...
HEMOGLOBIN AND PORPHYRINS
... binding O2 which is called co-operativity It means that binding of an O2 molecule at one heme increases the O2 affinity of remaining heme groups in the same Hb molecule this is ...
... binding O2 which is called co-operativity It means that binding of an O2 molecule at one heme increases the O2 affinity of remaining heme groups in the same Hb molecule this is ...
13 Aldehydes and Ketones
... We can find it today in comets, and many comets struck the early earth. In the laboratory, under conditions designed to imitate those on earth four billion years ago, formaldehyde molecules form chains. These chains twist into cyclic ring structures, including the sugar ribose. These experiments sug ...
... We can find it today in comets, and many comets struck the early earth. In the laboratory, under conditions designed to imitate those on earth four billion years ago, formaldehyde molecules form chains. These chains twist into cyclic ring structures, including the sugar ribose. These experiments sug ...
Energy for Cells
... In Figure 7.7, high-energy electrons enter the chain, and low-energy electrons leave the chain. When NADH gives up its electrons, the next carrier gains the electrons and is reduced. This oxidation-reduction reaction starts the process, and each of the carriers in turn becomes reduced and then oxidi ...
... In Figure 7.7, high-energy electrons enter the chain, and low-energy electrons leave the chain. When NADH gives up its electrons, the next carrier gains the electrons and is reduced. This oxidation-reduction reaction starts the process, and each of the carriers in turn becomes reduced and then oxidi ...
Perry et al., 2008
... There has been renewed interest in alternative forms of exercise training that are performed at higher intensities but for shorter periods of time per week in an effort to find a more time-efficient stimulus to induce skeletal muscle and whole-body metabolic adaptations. One example is sprint interv ...
... There has been renewed interest in alternative forms of exercise training that are performed at higher intensities but for shorter periods of time per week in an effort to find a more time-efficient stimulus to induce skeletal muscle and whole-body metabolic adaptations. One example is sprint interv ...
Isoprenoid metabolism: cholesterol and the others
... The entire molecule of cholesterol is made of acetate units. AcetylCoA formed in mitochondria by the β-oxidation of fatty acids or decarboxylation of pyruvate is transported into the cytoplasm (as citrate) and used to make acetoacetyl-CoA (two acetyl-CoA) and then hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (hmg-CoA, ...
... The entire molecule of cholesterol is made of acetate units. AcetylCoA formed in mitochondria by the β-oxidation of fatty acids or decarboxylation of pyruvate is transported into the cytoplasm (as citrate) and used to make acetoacetyl-CoA (two acetyl-CoA) and then hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (hmg-CoA, ...
The Regulation of Energy Metabolism Pathways
... that mildronate also decreases L-carnitine concentrations by 20% in healthy human nonvegetarian volunteers (Liepinsh et al., 2011a). A less-pronounced effect of mildronate on Lcarnitine content in humans could be explained by meat consumption, which is the most important source of L-carnitine (Rebou ...
... that mildronate also decreases L-carnitine concentrations by 20% in healthy human nonvegetarian volunteers (Liepinsh et al., 2011a). A less-pronounced effect of mildronate on Lcarnitine content in humans could be explained by meat consumption, which is the most important source of L-carnitine (Rebou ...
Full-Text PDF
... alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating the cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated oxidative stress pathway in an in vivo model. In this model, CYP2E1 activity in ethanol plus CCl4 -treated rats increased significantly, but DNSM-treatment suppressed the enzyme’s activity and reduced intracellular ...
... alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating the cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated oxidative stress pathway in an in vivo model. In this model, CYP2E1 activity in ethanol plus CCl4 -treated rats increased significantly, but DNSM-treatment suppressed the enzyme’s activity and reduced intracellular ...
Module 3
... 68. Xanthosine monophosphate is an intermediate during de novo synthesis of A. TMP B. CMP C. AMP D. * GMP E. All of these 69. Which of the following is not an essential attribute that a biological molecule would need to be a useful genetic material? A. * It must carry all of the information needed t ...
... 68. Xanthosine monophosphate is an intermediate during de novo synthesis of A. TMP B. CMP C. AMP D. * GMP E. All of these 69. Which of the following is not an essential attribute that a biological molecule would need to be a useful genetic material? A. * It must carry all of the information needed t ...
IB-Respiration-2015
... electrons to O2 into several steps. Otherwise, if all of the energy were released from glucose at once, the cell would explode! ...
... electrons to O2 into several steps. Otherwise, if all of the energy were released from glucose at once, the cell would explode! ...
Cellular respiration
... hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehyrdrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During r ...
... hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehyrdrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During r ...
Cellular Respiration
... 9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways • Catabolic pathways are versatile; they funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules (not just glucose!) into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must first be ...
... 9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways • Catabolic pathways are versatile; they funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules (not just glucose!) into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must first be ...
BIOCHEMISTRY
... Historically, Biochemistry is intimately related to Organic Chemistry, which deals with the chemical properties of compounds that make part of living matter, and to Physiology, which deals with the functions of living organisms. The terms “physiological chemistry” and “biochemistry” as equivalent co ...
... Historically, Biochemistry is intimately related to Organic Chemistry, which deals with the chemical properties of compounds that make part of living matter, and to Physiology, which deals with the functions of living organisms. The terms “physiological chemistry” and “biochemistry” as equivalent co ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.