Aerobic Energy Systems
... As O2 is vital during these processes it is essential to perform a cool down. Fitness levels along with exercise intensity levels determine the duration of EPOC. ...
... As O2 is vital during these processes it is essential to perform a cool down. Fitness levels along with exercise intensity levels determine the duration of EPOC. ...
Energy For Movement - Illinois Wesleyan University
... all body tissues. One gram yields about 4 kcal. Are stored as glycogen in your muscles (cytoplasm) and liver (up to 2,000 kcal) Without adequate carbohydrate intake, the muscles and liver stores can be depleted very quickly. ...
... all body tissues. One gram yields about 4 kcal. Are stored as glycogen in your muscles (cytoplasm) and liver (up to 2,000 kcal) Without adequate carbohydrate intake, the muscles and liver stores can be depleted very quickly. ...
AMA 108 PowerPoint
... The Amino Acids (For each amino acid, both the three-letter and single-letter codes are given. CLICK the NAME to see the structural formula)Alanine Ala A hydrophobic Arginine Arg R free amino group makes it basic and hydrophilic Asparagine Asn N carbohydrate can be covalently linked ("N-linked) to i ...
... The Amino Acids (For each amino acid, both the three-letter and single-letter codes are given. CLICK the NAME to see the structural formula)Alanine Ala A hydrophobic Arginine Arg R free amino group makes it basic and hydrophilic Asparagine Asn N carbohydrate can be covalently linked ("N-linked) to i ...
Module 10: Catabolism of Amino Acids
... 11. The free energy for converting malate to oxaloacetate is highly endergonic (∆G’o = 30 kJ/mol). This reaction is the last step of the citric acid cycle and it is driven forward by maintaining low concentrations of oxaloacetate. a. Explain why a low concentration of oxaloacetate may drive forward ...
... 11. The free energy for converting malate to oxaloacetate is highly endergonic (∆G’o = 30 kJ/mol). This reaction is the last step of the citric acid cycle and it is driven forward by maintaining low concentrations of oxaloacetate. a. Explain why a low concentration of oxaloacetate may drive forward ...
Biomolecules Review
... 5. What structural characteristics distinguish fatty acid from other carboxylic acids? ...
... 5. What structural characteristics distinguish fatty acid from other carboxylic acids? ...
Slide 1
... • Can be used directly by the cell for energy, stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver or converted to fat • The function of the liver is to convert glycogen into glucose when it is needed for energy production ...
... • Can be used directly by the cell for energy, stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver or converted to fat • The function of the liver is to convert glycogen into glucose when it is needed for energy production ...
Alcoholic fermentation
... 1) oldest known fossils are over 3.5 billion years old and oxygen was not plentiful until 2.5 billion years ago 2) most widespread metabolic pathway (shows it evolved early) 3) location (cytosol) does not require a membrane enclosed organelle 12) We have learned how glucose is processed through cell ...
... 1) oldest known fossils are over 3.5 billion years old and oxygen was not plentiful until 2.5 billion years ago 2) most widespread metabolic pathway (shows it evolved early) 3) location (cytosol) does not require a membrane enclosed organelle 12) We have learned how glucose is processed through cell ...
Unit Topic: Chemistry of Life
... phospholipids leads to a difference in function - phospholipids are glycerol and 2 fatty acids - they have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail so a cell membrane that has a bilayer of phospholipids forms a barrier between inside and outside of cell - triglycerides are glycerol and 3 fatty acids ...
... phospholipids leads to a difference in function - phospholipids are glycerol and 2 fatty acids - they have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail so a cell membrane that has a bilayer of phospholipids forms a barrier between inside and outside of cell - triglycerides are glycerol and 3 fatty acids ...
Regulation of fatty acid oxidation in cells
... with acetyl-CoA to form citrate. Up to approx. fourfold as much palmitate must therefore undergo poxidation to yield the same amount of A T P (but see above) when the oxidation of acetyl-CoA is limited compared with its complete oxidation. This may explain the high rates of ketogenesis required to s ...
... with acetyl-CoA to form citrate. Up to approx. fourfold as much palmitate must therefore undergo poxidation to yield the same amount of A T P (but see above) when the oxidation of acetyl-CoA is limited compared with its complete oxidation. This may explain the high rates of ketogenesis required to s ...
Chapter 19
... - Unsaturated fatty acids • Exchane rate: 1 NADH = 3 ATP; 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP; 1 Acetyl-CoA = 12 ATP; 1 Propionyl-CoA = 20 ATP • Odd carbon fatty acid oxidation produces propionyl-CoA, which is converted to succinylCoA. In the conversion, B12 cofactor enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase rearranges the carb ...
... - Unsaturated fatty acids • Exchane rate: 1 NADH = 3 ATP; 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP; 1 Acetyl-CoA = 12 ATP; 1 Propionyl-CoA = 20 ATP • Odd carbon fatty acid oxidation produces propionyl-CoA, which is converted to succinylCoA. In the conversion, B12 cofactor enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase rearranges the carb ...
BSCS Ch 1 review cdmodified - JBHA-Sci-US-tri1
... in animals Fat is an essential nutrient that provides energy and helps transport fat-soluble nutrients Excess lipid consumed is stored as fat Plant oils such as peanut, corn and olive oils and margarine manufactured from plant oils ...
... in animals Fat is an essential nutrient that provides energy and helps transport fat-soluble nutrients Excess lipid consumed is stored as fat Plant oils such as peanut, corn and olive oils and margarine manufactured from plant oils ...
Respiration
... adenine dinucleotide) to form reduced NAD (NADH) • Each NADH molecule can be used to transfer energy to other molecules during respiration • The end product of glycolysis, pyruvate (3C), still ...
... adenine dinucleotide) to form reduced NAD (NADH) • Each NADH molecule can be used to transfer energy to other molecules during respiration • The end product of glycolysis, pyruvate (3C), still ...
Glycogen Metabolism, Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation
... Insulin is like a key: it opens up cells so glucose can enter from the blood • sugar content in the blood is called blood sugar It is a peptide hormone, produced in the beta cells of the pancreas According to various feedback mechanisms, insulin is released when sugar levels are high in the blood, u ...
... Insulin is like a key: it opens up cells so glucose can enter from the blood • sugar content in the blood is called blood sugar It is a peptide hormone, produced in the beta cells of the pancreas According to various feedback mechanisms, insulin is released when sugar levels are high in the blood, u ...
Endocrine Vivas
... - They convert the β-HB => acetoacetate => acetoacetyl-CoA => acetyl-CoA for ulilisation - The acetone is formed from the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate cannot be converted back to acetyl-CoA and is excreted in urine and the lungs In which clinical situations do they accumulate in the b ...
... - They convert the β-HB => acetoacetate => acetoacetyl-CoA => acetyl-CoA for ulilisation - The acetone is formed from the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate cannot be converted back to acetyl-CoA and is excreted in urine and the lungs In which clinical situations do they accumulate in the b ...
1 - WordPress.com
... 5-A. After 3-5 days of starvation, the brain begins to use ketone bodies, in addition to glucose, as a fuel source. Glycogen stores in the liver are depleted during the first 30 hours of fasting. Inadequate protein in the diet results in negative nitrogen balance. Red blood cells cannot oxidize fatt ...
... 5-A. After 3-5 days of starvation, the brain begins to use ketone bodies, in addition to glucose, as a fuel source. Glycogen stores in the liver are depleted during the first 30 hours of fasting. Inadequate protein in the diet results in negative nitrogen balance. Red blood cells cannot oxidize fatt ...
Carbohydrates
... All three = 6C atoms, 12H atoms & 6O atoms. The molecular formula for all three of them is C6H12O6 ...
... All three = 6C atoms, 12H atoms & 6O atoms. The molecular formula for all three of them is C6H12O6 ...
Absorption in the small intestine
... thick network of blood capillaries and small lymphatics. • The basal side of the cell rests on a very thin basement membrane, which is close to the basement membrane of the underlying capillary. ...
... thick network of blood capillaries and small lymphatics. • The basal side of the cell rests on a very thin basement membrane, which is close to the basement membrane of the underlying capillary. ...
Regulation of blood glucose level
... An abnormally high concentration of blood glucose, known as hyperglycaemia, is also a problem. Since high concentrations of any soluble metabolite lower the water potential of the blood plasma, water is drawn out of the cells and tissue fluid by osmosis, back into the blood. As the volume of blood i ...
... An abnormally high concentration of blood glucose, known as hyperglycaemia, is also a problem. Since high concentrations of any soluble metabolite lower the water potential of the blood plasma, water is drawn out of the cells and tissue fluid by osmosis, back into the blood. As the volume of blood i ...
Document
... Cell membrane construction-hair, skin, nails Muscle fiber formation, contraction regulation Tissue growth and repair ...
... Cell membrane construction-hair, skin, nails Muscle fiber formation, contraction regulation Tissue growth and repair ...
Metabolism during Exercise
... Carbohydrate Stores after an Overnight Fast 1 hr of Exercise Liver Glycogen ...
... Carbohydrate Stores after an Overnight Fast 1 hr of Exercise Liver Glycogen ...
Chapter 24 Fatty Acids as Energy Source Fatty Acids as Energy
... phytol in ruminant animals and thus appears in dairy products. ...
... phytol in ruminant animals and thus appears in dairy products. ...
(C)
... mitochondria? (A) FMN, (B) cytochromes, (C) Fe-S clusters, (D) copper ions, (E) ATP. 13. The reactions of pentose phosphate pathway operate exclusively in (A) mitochondria, (B) cytoplasm, (C) chloroplast, (D) ribosome, (E) endoplasmic reticulum. 14. Which of the following enzymes is not involved in ...
... mitochondria? (A) FMN, (B) cytochromes, (C) Fe-S clusters, (D) copper ions, (E) ATP. 13. The reactions of pentose phosphate pathway operate exclusively in (A) mitochondria, (B) cytoplasm, (C) chloroplast, (D) ribosome, (E) endoplasmic reticulum. 14. Which of the following enzymes is not involved in ...
Sample exam 1
... 6. The pyrrole rings of heme each contain nitrogen atoms. What molecule provides that nitrogen during the synthesis of heme in liver cells? a. Carbamoyl phosphate. b. Cobalamin. c. Glycine. d. Succinyl CoA. e. Valine. 7. Which of the following statements is true? a. Glucose can cross the lipid bila ...
... 6. The pyrrole rings of heme each contain nitrogen atoms. What molecule provides that nitrogen during the synthesis of heme in liver cells? a. Carbamoyl phosphate. b. Cobalamin. c. Glycine. d. Succinyl CoA. e. Valine. 7. Which of the following statements is true? a. Glucose can cross the lipid bila ...
File
... a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells yields 2 ATP per glucose. – Glucose transporters and most glycolytic enzymes are overexpressed i ...
... a lower efficiency in energy production from glycolysis. • Complete oxidation of CO2 in healthy cells under aerobic conditions yields ~30 ATP per glucose. • Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells yields 2 ATP per glucose. – Glucose transporters and most glycolytic enzymes are overexpressed i ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.