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... adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
... adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
Aalborg Universitet The reason why profitable firms do not necessarily grow
... regression of relative fitness on a characteristic. Thus the selection gradient ignores indirect selection due to other analysed characteristics and measures only the direct selection of the characteristic. The second tool to handle multiple characteristics is the matrix of phenotypic covariances be ...
... regression of relative fitness on a characteristic. Thus the selection gradient ignores indirect selection due to other analysed characteristics and measures only the direct selection of the characteristic. The second tool to handle multiple characteristics is the matrix of phenotypic covariances be ...
Specious Speciation: Response to Talk Origins Speciation FAQ
... which only have “partial reproductive isolation,” and thus are not members of separate species since “both the genetic data … and the behavioral data presented here suggest that there is gene flow between populations.” The most significant differences amount to “a preference for mating on the host p ...
... which only have “partial reproductive isolation,” and thus are not members of separate species since “both the genetic data … and the behavioral data presented here suggest that there is gene flow between populations.” The most significant differences amount to “a preference for mating on the host p ...
Please address all correspondence to senior author
... In apparent distinction, many biologists frequently talk about the various elements of evolutionary theory in strictly statistical terms. One of the most commonly encountered analogies for the process of evolution is that of a blindfolded selector drawing balls from an urn. The metaphor is thought t ...
... In apparent distinction, many biologists frequently talk about the various elements of evolutionary theory in strictly statistical terms. One of the most commonly encountered analogies for the process of evolution is that of a blindfolded selector drawing balls from an urn. The metaphor is thought t ...
Expanded social fitness and HamiltonTs rule for kin, kith, and kind
... Much of the value of inclusive fitness stems from its use in the phenotypic gambit (3). If we know costs, benefits, and relatedness, we can usually make good predictions about what kinds of traits will be favored, even if we do not understand the underlying genetics. Such approaches are sometimes deni ...
... Much of the value of inclusive fitness stems from its use in the phenotypic gambit (3). If we know costs, benefits, and relatedness, we can usually make good predictions about what kinds of traits will be favored, even if we do not understand the underlying genetics. Such approaches are sometimes deni ...
The Ecological Genetics of Homoploid Hybrid
... primary ecological speciation from other speciation mechanisms, such as ordinary genetic drift, drift resulting from population bottlenecks, divergence accruing from parallel selection, and speciation by polyploidy. These tests include (1) a correlation between the strength of divergent selection an ...
... primary ecological speciation from other speciation mechanisms, such as ordinary genetic drift, drift resulting from population bottlenecks, divergence accruing from parallel selection, and speciation by polyploidy. These tests include (1) a correlation between the strength of divergent selection an ...
Phenotypic integration in plants
... mental patterns, or selection pressures across environments and among clades—all of these can potentially influence the observed pattern of phenotypic integration. The complex interactions among the genetics, development and allocation processes that result in phenotypically integrated traits can be ...
... mental patterns, or selection pressures across environments and among clades—all of these can potentially influence the observed pattern of phenotypic integration. The complex interactions among the genetics, development and allocation processes that result in phenotypically integrated traits can be ...
Science Review
... • What are these statements an integral part of? • Limited resources lead to struggle where less fit individuals do not survive. • Populations have varieties of traits that are genetically inherited. • Some members of a population have better chances at surviving and reproducing than others. ...
... • What are these statements an integral part of? • Limited resources lead to struggle where less fit individuals do not survive. • Populations have varieties of traits that are genetically inherited. • Some members of a population have better chances at surviving and reproducing than others. ...
The fitness costs of adaptation via phenotypic plasticity and maternal
... experienced by their mother had higher survival probability than those grown in the opposite environment (Galloway & Etterson 2007). Similarly, relative fitness of the bryozoan Bugula neritina was increased if warmer temperatures were experienced by both mother and offspring (Burgess & Marshall 2011). ...
... experienced by their mother had higher survival probability than those grown in the opposite environment (Galloway & Etterson 2007). Similarly, relative fitness of the bryozoan Bugula neritina was increased if warmer temperatures were experienced by both mother and offspring (Burgess & Marshall 2011). ...
chapter 4—biodiversity and evolution
... a. The higher the species richness, the lower productivity. b. The higher the species richness, the lower the sustainability. c. The lower the species richness, the more the productivity. d. The lower the species richness, the more the sustainability. e. The higher the species richness, the more the ...
... a. The higher the species richness, the lower productivity. b. The higher the species richness, the lower the sustainability. c. The lower the species richness, the more the productivity. d. The lower the species richness, the more the sustainability. e. The higher the species richness, the more the ...
physiological differentiation of vertebrate
... partly from variation in growth rate, the genetic and physiological bases of which have been well studied in some domestic animals (99, 113, 256). The term adaptation is used in two ways by physiologists (321). First, adaptation may have the traditional evolutionary meaning of genetic changes in a p ...
... partly from variation in growth rate, the genetic and physiological bases of which have been well studied in some domestic animals (99, 113, 256). The term adaptation is used in two ways by physiologists (321). First, adaptation may have the traditional evolutionary meaning of genetic changes in a p ...
Pre-zygotic isolation in the macroalgal genusFucus from four contact
... if there is no selection against hybridization and introgression is extensive, all individuals become hybrids, creating a hybrid swarm or ‘extinction through hybridization’ [12,13]. Second, if introgressed individuals are genetically stabilized and/or colonize new habitats, novel evolutionary lineag ...
... if there is no selection against hybridization and introgression is extensive, all individuals become hybrids, creating a hybrid swarm or ‘extinction through hybridization’ [12,13]. Second, if introgressed individuals are genetically stabilized and/or colonize new habitats, novel evolutionary lineag ...
Sympatric speciation: when is it possible
... Assume that all the individuals are able to utilize both resources, but small size gives an advantage in a competition for one of them while large size is advantageous in a competition for the other. Then in a population of small individuals the intermediates as well as the large ones will have an a ...
... Assume that all the individuals are able to utilize both resources, but small size gives an advantage in a competition for one of them while large size is advantageous in a competition for the other. Then in a population of small individuals the intermediates as well as the large ones will have an a ...
Population divergence and candidate signatures of natural selection
... or ecotypes that show ecological differentiation provides the means for finding any loci associated with divergence or adaptation (Storz 2005; Stinchcombe & Hoekstra 2008; Stapley et al. 2010; Strasburg et al. 2012), and the genomic processes associated with evolution (Kim & Nielsen 2004; Nosil et a ...
... or ecotypes that show ecological differentiation provides the means for finding any loci associated with divergence or adaptation (Storz 2005; Stinchcombe & Hoekstra 2008; Stapley et al. 2010; Strasburg et al. 2012), and the genomic processes associated with evolution (Kim & Nielsen 2004; Nosil et a ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection - synergy
... fundamental theorem emerges from a selection covariance in which the unit of selection is the individual, the target of selection is the individual’s fitness, and the character under selection is the heritable portion of the individual’s fitness. Here, genes merely provide a material basis for the i ...
... fundamental theorem emerges from a selection covariance in which the unit of selection is the individual, the target of selection is the individual’s fitness, and the character under selection is the heritable portion of the individual’s fitness. Here, genes merely provide a material basis for the i ...
TEACHER`S NOTES EVOLUTION
... Organisms tend to produce…more offspring…….than the environment will support. A…struggle for survival… follows and a large number of these offspring die before reaching reproductive age. Members of the same species…are not identical but show variation….in all characteristics. Much of this…variation… ...
... Organisms tend to produce…more offspring…….than the environment will support. A…struggle for survival… follows and a large number of these offspring die before reaching reproductive age. Members of the same species…are not identical but show variation….in all characteristics. Much of this…variation… ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection
... fundamental theorem emerges from a selection covariance in which the unit of selection is the individual, the target of selection is the individual’s fitness, and the character under selection is the heritable portion of the individual’s fitness. Here, genes merely provide a material basis for the i ...
... fundamental theorem emerges from a selection covariance in which the unit of selection is the individual, the target of selection is the individual’s fitness, and the character under selection is the heritable portion of the individual’s fitness. Here, genes merely provide a material basis for the i ...
Levels, Time and Fitness in Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality
... the idea of evolution by natural selection. Following Godfrey-Smith, I propose a broader concept of reproduction, namely formal reproduction (Godfrey-Smith 2009, 79-81), to be used when describing foundational Darwinian processes such as ETIs. I show that if the concept of formal reproduction is use ...
... the idea of evolution by natural selection. Following Godfrey-Smith, I propose a broader concept of reproduction, namely formal reproduction (Godfrey-Smith 2009, 79-81), to be used when describing foundational Darwinian processes such as ETIs. I show that if the concept of formal reproduction is use ...
Levels, Time and Fitness in Evolutionary
... the idea of evolution by natural selection. Following Godfrey-Smith, I propose a broader concept of reproduction, namely formal reproduction (Godfrey-Smith 2009, 79-81), to be used when describing foundational Darwinian processes such as ETIs. I show that if the concept of formal reproduction is use ...
... the idea of evolution by natural selection. Following Godfrey-Smith, I propose a broader concept of reproduction, namely formal reproduction (Godfrey-Smith 2009, 79-81), to be used when describing foundational Darwinian processes such as ETIs. I show that if the concept of formal reproduction is use ...
miller 2000 mentaltraits - The University of New Mexico
... can be recognized by criteria such as high efficiency, high complexity, high modularity, low phenotypic variance, low genotypic variance, low heritability, universality across cultures, and universality across individuals. These criteria are appropriate for adaptations that have been shaped through ...
... can be recognized by criteria such as high efficiency, high complexity, high modularity, low phenotypic variance, low genotypic variance, low heritability, universality across cultures, and universality across individuals. These criteria are appropriate for adaptations that have been shaped through ...
The role of hermaphrodites in the experimental evolution of
... because they depend on population history and environmental context. In this regard, experimental evolution has long been a favourite approach to determine the nature of genetic correlations among fitness components, for example by measuring correlated trait changes to different selection regimes; e ...
... because they depend on population history and environmental context. In this regard, experimental evolution has long been a favourite approach to determine the nature of genetic correlations among fitness components, for example by measuring correlated trait changes to different selection regimes; e ...
On Adaptive Accuracy and Precision in Natural Populations
... were avoided. Since many studies of fluctuating asymmetry involve comparisons of different groups of individuals, such as “stressed” and “nonstressed,” “mated” and “unmated,” or “survivors” and “dead,” it was often not possible to obtain a completely random sample from the population. We used our ju ...
... were avoided. Since many studies of fluctuating asymmetry involve comparisons of different groups of individuals, such as “stressed” and “nonstressed,” “mated” and “unmated,” or “survivors” and “dead,” it was often not possible to obtain a completely random sample from the population. We used our ju ...
Interspecific Competition and Speciation in
... interspecific competition in Fig. 1. Species 1 and 2 co-occur in habitat 1 and overlap in their use of an essential resource. Species 1 is also present in habitat 2, where species 2 is absent (Fig. 1a). We note that differences between habitats 1 and 2 can enhance ecological divergence, but it is no ...
... interspecific competition in Fig. 1. Species 1 and 2 co-occur in habitat 1 and overlap in their use of an essential resource. Species 1 is also present in habitat 2, where species 2 is absent (Fig. 1a). We note that differences between habitats 1 and 2 can enhance ecological divergence, but it is no ...
How Does Climate Influence Speciation?
... becomes less suitable and the montane habitats more suitable over time. The lowland population may then become extinct if the species fails to adapt to higher temperatures, which leads to geographic isolation and eventual speciation of the montane populations. Under this pattern of spatial and tempo ...
... becomes less suitable and the montane habitats more suitable over time. The lowland population may then become extinct if the species fails to adapt to higher temperatures, which leads to geographic isolation and eventual speciation of the montane populations. Under this pattern of spatial and tempo ...
How Does Climate Influence Speciation?
... becomes less suitable and the montane habitats more suitable over time. The lowland population may then become extinct if the species fails to adapt to higher temperatures, which leads to geographic isolation and eventual speciation of the montane populations. Under this pattern of spatial and tempo ...
... becomes less suitable and the montane habitats more suitable over time. The lowland population may then become extinct if the species fails to adapt to higher temperatures, which leads to geographic isolation and eventual speciation of the montane populations. Under this pattern of spatial and tempo ...
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.All of life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological ""tree of life"" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earth's current species range from 10 to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented.In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution include mutation and genetic drift.In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate ""progress"" within the largest-scale trends in evolution, became obsolete scientific theories. Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses, constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories, using observational data, and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory. Evolution is a cornerstone of modern science, accepted as one of the most reliably established of all facts and theories of science, based on evidence not just from the biological sciences but also from anthropology, psychology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific disciplines, as well as behavioral and social sciences. Understanding of evolution has made significant contributions to humanity, including the prevention and treatment of human disease, new agricultural products, industrial innovations, a subfield of computer science, and rapid advances in life sciences. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines (e.g., biological anthropology and evolutionary psychology) and in society at large.