Aesthetic evolution by mate choice: Darwin`s really dangerous idea
... to scientific hypotheses that he specifically intended. As many authors have previously observed [5,6,8– 10,12 – 15], Darwin was clear that his mechanism of sexual selection could give rise to arbitrary traits. His book is filled with examples of the evolution of distinct ‘standards of beauty’ in di ...
... to scientific hypotheses that he specifically intended. As many authors have previously observed [5,6,8– 10,12 – 15], Darwin was clear that his mechanism of sexual selection could give rise to arbitrary traits. His book is filled with examples of the evolution of distinct ‘standards of beauty’ in di ...
PRACTICE TEST 1
... PRACTICE TEST 1 While you have taken many standardized tests and know to blacken completely the ovals on the answer sheets and to erase completely any errors, the instructions for the SAT II exam in Biology differs from the directions for other standardized tests you have taken. You need to indicate ...
... PRACTICE TEST 1 While you have taken many standardized tests and know to blacken completely the ovals on the answer sheets and to erase completely any errors, the instructions for the SAT II exam in Biology differs from the directions for other standardized tests you have taken. You need to indicate ...
Aesthetic evolution by mate choice: Darwin`s really dangerous idea
... to scientific hypotheses that he specifically intended. As many authors have previously observed [5,6,8– 10,12 – 15], Darwin was clear that his mechanism of sexual selection could give rise to arbitrary traits. His book is filled with examples of the evolution of distinct ‘standards of beauty’ in di ...
... to scientific hypotheses that he specifically intended. As many authors have previously observed [5,6,8– 10,12 – 15], Darwin was clear that his mechanism of sexual selection could give rise to arbitrary traits. His book is filled with examples of the evolution of distinct ‘standards of beauty’ in di ...
Pfennig and Kingsolver
... shown how the innumerable species inhabiting this world have been modified …” (emphasis added). Thus, Darwin recognized that no theory of evolution would be complete if it failed to provide a plausible mechanism that could explain how living things change over evolutionary time. Darwin’s Theory of ...
... shown how the innumerable species inhabiting this world have been modified …” (emphasis added). Thus, Darwin recognized that no theory of evolution would be complete if it failed to provide a plausible mechanism that could explain how living things change over evolutionary time. Darwin’s Theory of ...
genome structure and the benefit of sex
... literature. We conclude that there are conditions in which sexuals can systematically evolve high-fitness genotypes that are essentially unevolvable for asexuals. KEY WORDS: ...
... literature. We conclude that there are conditions in which sexuals can systematically evolve high-fitness genotypes that are essentially unevolvable for asexuals. KEY WORDS: ...
long program - Pan
... ways that will not produce widespread detrimental effects. Recent technological advances have unearthed a surprising variation in DNA-binding abilities, such that individual transcription factors may recognize both a preferred primary motif and an additional secondary motif. This provides a source o ...
... ways that will not produce widespread detrimental effects. Recent technological advances have unearthed a surprising variation in DNA-binding abilities, such that individual transcription factors may recognize both a preferred primary motif and an additional secondary motif. This provides a source o ...
Punctuated equilibrium in fact and theory
... description (perhaps also the causation) of evolutionary trends as a sorting among species, and not as a simple extrapolation of processes occurring within single populations. The empirics of stasis also implicate higher-level sorting in the explanation of trends, and speak as well to questions of c ...
... description (perhaps also the causation) of evolutionary trends as a sorting among species, and not as a simple extrapolation of processes occurring within single populations. The empirics of stasis also implicate higher-level sorting in the explanation of trends, and speak as well to questions of c ...
Evolution, Science, and Society: Evolutionary Biology
... answer them, and the thousand other questions that grow out of them, has spawned theories and methods that have continually deepened our understanding of the living world—including ourselves. Every subject in the biological sciences has been enriched by an evolutionary perspective. Evolution, which ...
... answer them, and the thousand other questions that grow out of them, has spawned theories and methods that have continually deepened our understanding of the living world—including ourselves. Every subject in the biological sciences has been enriched by an evolutionary perspective. Evolution, which ...
- Philsci
... of coding for aspartic acid if that sequence evolved by natural selection because it had the effect of inserting that amino acid into some polypeptide in ancestral organisms ...
... of coding for aspartic acid if that sequence evolved by natural selection because it had the effect of inserting that amino acid into some polypeptide in ancestral organisms ...
Ecological Speciation Among Blue Holes in Mosquitofish
... Figure 1. Four of the blue holes examined on Andros Island, The Bahamas. A: Blue holes without any piscivorous fish. B: Blue holes with the predatory fish Gobiomorus dormitor. Population names follow Fig. 2. ...
... Figure 1. Four of the blue holes examined on Andros Island, The Bahamas. A: Blue holes without any piscivorous fish. B: Blue holes with the predatory fish Gobiomorus dormitor. Population names follow Fig. 2. ...
DOBZHANSKY ON EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS
... resisted Darwin's reliance on the Malthusian mechanism of intra-specific competition. Many of those from whom Dobzhansky first learned evolutionary biology denied the importance of intraspecific competition as a major cause of evolutionary change. Not that they denied the importance of competition a ...
... resisted Darwin's reliance on the Malthusian mechanism of intra-specific competition. Many of those from whom Dobzhansky first learned evolutionary biology denied the importance of intraspecific competition as a major cause of evolutionary change. Not that they denied the importance of competition a ...
Mechanisms of constraints: the contributions of selection and
... changes caused by mutations of small effect or environmental variation during development. Traits may also lack phenotypic variation for nonadaptive reasons, including a loss of genetic variation through drift, or constraints imposed by development or genetic correlations with other traits under str ...
... changes caused by mutations of small effect or environmental variation during development. Traits may also lack phenotypic variation for nonadaptive reasons, including a loss of genetic variation through drift, or constraints imposed by development or genetic correlations with other traits under str ...
www.esf.org - European Science Foundation
... resources, and possible types of ecological interactions, these models can be used to study the conditions under which different modes of speciation can be expected. Systematic comparisons of predictions based on ecologically detailed speciation models with those obtained from the neutral theory of ...
... resources, and possible types of ecological interactions, these models can be used to study the conditions under which different modes of speciation can be expected. Systematic comparisons of predictions based on ecologically detailed speciation models with those obtained from the neutral theory of ...
Microevolution in an Electronic Microcosm
... sure. We report experiments with an electronic microcosm inhabited by self-replicating computer programs whose phylogeny can be rendered completely transparent. The physiology of these programs is different in many respects from that of organic creatures, but their population biology has many featur ...
... sure. We report experiments with an electronic microcosm inhabited by self-replicating computer programs whose phylogeny can be rendered completely transparent. The physiology of these programs is different in many respects from that of organic creatures, but their population biology has many featur ...
On reciprocal causation in the evolutionary process
... assumption that growing populations are expected to degrade their environments so that the positive effects of genetic increases in fitness combine with negative feedback on environmental variation for fitness (Frank and Slatkin 1992). The net result in Fisher’s view was that selection for increased ...
... assumption that growing populations are expected to degrade their environments so that the positive effects of genetic increases in fitness combine with negative feedback on environmental variation for fitness (Frank and Slatkin 1992). The net result in Fisher’s view was that selection for increased ...
populations - apbiologyclass
... change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success) •Evolutionary adaptations: a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ survival and reproduction ...
... change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success) •Evolutionary adaptations: a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ survival and reproduction ...
Explaining stasis: microevolutionary studies in natural populations
... cases where direct observations of natural populations have revealed microevolutionary changes occurring, despite the frequent demonstration of additive genetic variation and strong directional selection for particular traits. Those few cases where responses congruent with expectation have been demo ...
... cases where direct observations of natural populations have revealed microevolutionary changes occurring, despite the frequent demonstration of additive genetic variation and strong directional selection for particular traits. Those few cases where responses congruent with expectation have been demo ...
An Evaluation of Supplementary Biology and Evolution Curricular
... evolution was the dramatic origin of major new structures and body plans documented by the Cambrian explosion.”11 According to scientists like Carroll, “The extreme speed of anatomical change and adaptive radiation during this brief time period requires explanations that go beyond those proposed fo ...
... evolution was the dramatic origin of major new structures and body plans documented by the Cambrian explosion.”11 According to scientists like Carroll, “The extreme speed of anatomical change and adaptive radiation during this brief time period requires explanations that go beyond those proposed fo ...
Academic Biology - Pompton Lakes School District
... Feedback mechanisms maintain a living system’s internal conditions within certain limits and mediate behaviors, allowing it to remain alive and functional even as external conditions change within some range. Feedback mechanisms can encourage (through positive feedback) or discourage (negative fee ...
... Feedback mechanisms maintain a living system’s internal conditions within certain limits and mediate behaviors, allowing it to remain alive and functional even as external conditions change within some range. Feedback mechanisms can encourage (through positive feedback) or discourage (negative fee ...
Evolution Regents Practice Ms. Fazio TEACHER ANSWER KEY
... (1) Evolution does not involve gradual change is not a statement that can be inferred from the information in this diagram. In fact, the opposite can be inferred. The pattern of evolution illustrated spans 100 million years, with new species arising from ancestral species A only 16 times in that per ...
... (1) Evolution does not involve gradual change is not a statement that can be inferred from the information in this diagram. In fact, the opposite can be inferred. The pattern of evolution illustrated spans 100 million years, with new species arising from ancestral species A only 16 times in that per ...
Akashi+3_Genetica_98
... Comparing the evolutionary behavior of preferred and unpreferred mutations requires both the identification of candidates for major codons and inference of the direction of mutations (ancestral and derived states) in DNA. Although tRNA abundances have not been quantified in Drosophila, candidates fo ...
... Comparing the evolutionary behavior of preferred and unpreferred mutations requires both the identification of candidates for major codons and inference of the direction of mutations (ancestral and derived states) in DNA. Although tRNA abundances have not been quantified in Drosophila, candidates fo ...
Losos_Seeing - Harvard University
... method (after Sessions and Larson, 1987) and the first, after the original, to use the Huey and Bennett squaredchange parsimony method. I point this out not only to demonstrate that there was a delay before these methods were widely adopted, but also to establish my bona fides as someone who has bee ...
... method (after Sessions and Larson, 1987) and the first, after the original, to use the Huey and Bennett squaredchange parsimony method. I point this out not only to demonstrate that there was a delay before these methods were widely adopted, but also to establish my bona fides as someone who has bee ...
Predicting Microevolutionary Responses to Directional Selection on
... and survival as the sole measure of fitness. We show that It would appear to be a straightforward matter to measure both responses are well predicted. This allows us to conclude a group of individuals before and again after selection, and that, to a first approximation, targets of selection have bee ...
... and survival as the sole measure of fitness. We show that It would appear to be a straightforward matter to measure both responses are well predicted. This allows us to conclude a group of individuals before and again after selection, and that, to a first approximation, targets of selection have bee ...
Niche Inheritance
... Lewontin 1983). To stay alive organisms must gain resources from their external environments by “informed,” “fuelconsuming” non-random “work” (Odling-Smee et al. 2003). Organisms are therefore compelled to choose and perturb specific components of their environments. They are also compelled to chang ...
... Lewontin 1983). To stay alive organisms must gain resources from their external environments by “informed,” “fuelconsuming” non-random “work” (Odling-Smee et al. 2003). Organisms are therefore compelled to choose and perturb specific components of their environments. They are also compelled to chang ...
Chapter 4 The remedy to genetic erosion problems
... The response ratio was used as the effect size for evolutionary potential, but was expressed on a per generation basis, as different studies had different durations in generations (t). Selection responses (selected – control) per generation in the outcrossed/inbred populations was converted to a per ...
... The response ratio was used as the effect size for evolutionary potential, but was expressed on a per generation basis, as different studies had different durations in generations (t). Selection responses (selected – control) per generation in the outcrossed/inbred populations was converted to a per ...
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.All of life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological ""tree of life"" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earth's current species range from 10 to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented.In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution include mutation and genetic drift.In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate ""progress"" within the largest-scale trends in evolution, became obsolete scientific theories. Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses, constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories, using observational data, and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory. Evolution is a cornerstone of modern science, accepted as one of the most reliably established of all facts and theories of science, based on evidence not just from the biological sciences but also from anthropology, psychology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific disciplines, as well as behavioral and social sciences. Understanding of evolution has made significant contributions to humanity, including the prevention and treatment of human disease, new agricultural products, industrial innovations, a subfield of computer science, and rapid advances in life sciences. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines (e.g., biological anthropology and evolutionary psychology) and in society at large.