Epigenetic Inheritance, Genetic Assimilation and Speciation
... (Received on 1 December 1998, Accepted in revised form on 20 May 1999) ...
... (Received on 1 December 1998, Accepted in revised form on 20 May 1999) ...
Mobility as an Emergent Property of Biological Organization: Insights
... emerges from a variety of dimensions of biological organization, it cannot evolve without changes in a suite of other traits. 2. Evolutionary changes in mobility will result in trade-offs and constraints among associated traits. Because mobility depends on so many traits at various lower levels of b ...
... emerges from a variety of dimensions of biological organization, it cannot evolve without changes in a suite of other traits. 2. Evolutionary changes in mobility will result in trade-offs and constraints among associated traits. Because mobility depends on so many traits at various lower levels of b ...
Evolution by Jumps: Francis Galton and William Bateson
... increases the more it is stretched, hence equilibrium must at length ensue between reversion and family variability.” Galton would interpret this as meaning that the small, incremental steps by which natural selection was supposed to proceed according to Darwin’s theory simply could not work because ...
... increases the more it is stretched, hence equilibrium must at length ensue between reversion and family variability.” Galton would interpret this as meaning that the small, incremental steps by which natural selection was supposed to proceed according to Darwin’s theory simply could not work because ...
Neutral Evolution and Aesthetics
... activity that synthesizes already existing elements according to known laws. This would correspond to the aspect of directionality. However, if a work of art were completely directional it would be too predictable. Art must also involve essentially unpredictable activity that while conforming to mec ...
... activity that synthesizes already existing elements according to known laws. This would correspond to the aspect of directionality. However, if a work of art were completely directional it would be too predictable. Art must also involve essentially unpredictable activity that while conforming to mec ...
How might epigenetics contribute to ecological speciation?
... epigenetic variation may prove to be a common mechanism underlying environmentally induced phenotypes (Jaenisch and Bird, 2003; Johnson and Tricker, 2010; Levine et al., 2011; Richards et al., 2010; Richards, ...
... epigenetic variation may prove to be a common mechanism underlying environmentally induced phenotypes (Jaenisch and Bird, 2003; Johnson and Tricker, 2010; Levine et al., 2011; Richards et al., 2010; Richards, ...
How might epigenetics contribute to ecological speciation?
... epigenetic variation may prove to be a common mechanism underlying environmentally induced phenotypes (Jaenisch and Bird, 2003; Johnson and Tricker, 2010; Levine et al., 2011; Richards et al., 2010; Richards, ...
... epigenetic variation may prove to be a common mechanism underlying environmentally induced phenotypes (Jaenisch and Bird, 2003; Johnson and Tricker, 2010; Levine et al., 2011; Richards et al., 2010; Richards, ...
[edit] Introduction
... microorganisms and chemical fossils. These fossils have supported and added subtleties to Darwin's theories. However, the age of the Earth is now held to be much older than Darwin thought. Researchers have also uncovered some of the preliminary mysteries of the mechanism of heredity as carried out t ...
... microorganisms and chemical fossils. These fossils have supported and added subtleties to Darwin's theories. However, the age of the Earth is now held to be much older than Darwin thought. Researchers have also uncovered some of the preliminary mysteries of the mechanism of heredity as carried out t ...
Plasticity and evolution in correlated suites of traits
... Moreover, rearing with predators increased overall correlations among behaviours in low-predation fish, but decreased overall correlations in high-predation fish (Fig. 1 and Fig. S3). In general, behaviours in the mating and aggression assays were more strongly correlated with one another than with ...
... Moreover, rearing with predators increased overall correlations among behaviours in low-predation fish, but decreased overall correlations in high-predation fish (Fig. 1 and Fig. S3). In general, behaviours in the mating and aggression assays were more strongly correlated with one another than with ...
(Roger Patterson)
... Peter continues with a challenge in verses 15–16: But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts, and always be ready to give a defense to everyone who asks you a reason for the hope that is in you, with meekness and fear; having a good conscience, that when they defame you as evildoers, those who revile ...
... Peter continues with a challenge in verses 15–16: But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts, and always be ready to give a defense to everyone who asks you a reason for the hope that is in you, with meekness and fear; having a good conscience, that when they defame you as evildoers, those who revile ...
Cryptic genetic variation: evolution`s hidden substrate
... and, in particular, the use of Hsp90 as a buffering mechanism. Reduced Hsp90 activity has also been shown to release CGV for phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana97 (FIG. 3), cave fish91 and yeast87, and to increase the severity of developmental mutations in zebrafish98. Hsp90 provides a straightforwar ...
... and, in particular, the use of Hsp90 as a buffering mechanism. Reduced Hsp90 activity has also been shown to release CGV for phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana97 (FIG. 3), cave fish91 and yeast87, and to increase the severity of developmental mutations in zebrafish98. Hsp90 provides a straightforwar ...
Conspecific versus heterospecific gene exchange between
... G. fuliginosa, G. fortis and G. scandens but not G. magnirostris. Following the authors’ recommendations, we used a burn-in of 50 000 iterations and a run length of 100 000. For each new analysis, we repeated the procedure once to make sure results were consistent. We used the Popinfo option to sele ...
... G. fuliginosa, G. fortis and G. scandens but not G. magnirostris. Following the authors’ recommendations, we used a burn-in of 50 000 iterations and a run length of 100 000. For each new analysis, we repeated the procedure once to make sure results were consistent. We used the Popinfo option to sele ...
Selection experiments: an under-utilized tool in
... the actual housing conditions might range from plastic cages inside a controlledenvironment room to semi-natural enclosures (including ponds) to small natural ponds or islands (Losos et al., 1997). Thirdly, it should be relatively small in body size because fairly large numbers will be required (e.g ...
... the actual housing conditions might range from plastic cages inside a controlledenvironment room to semi-natural enclosures (including ponds) to small natural ponds or islands (Losos et al., 1997). Thirdly, it should be relatively small in body size because fairly large numbers will be required (e.g ...
Evolution - Free
... Erasmus Darwin proposed that all warm-blooded animals could have descended from a single microorganism (or “filament”).[38] The first full-fledged evolutionary scheme was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's “transmutation” theory of 1809,[39] which envisaged spontaneous generation continually producing simple form ...
... Erasmus Darwin proposed that all warm-blooded animals could have descended from a single microorganism (or “filament”).[38] The first full-fledged evolutionary scheme was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's “transmutation” theory of 1809,[39] which envisaged spontaneous generation continually producing simple form ...
ExamView - ch 5 practice.tst
... B. all of the descendants of a common ancestor C. a system that groups organisms according to shared derived traits D. a diagram that shows the evolutionary history of groups of species Charles Darwin was unable to explain the source of the variations he claimed were necessary for evolution. This wa ...
... B. all of the descendants of a common ancestor C. a system that groups organisms according to shared derived traits D. a diagram that shows the evolutionary history of groups of species Charles Darwin was unable to explain the source of the variations he claimed were necessary for evolution. This wa ...
Will Marchuk - Red Deer College
... All grades will be assigned according to the Red Deer College grading system. See the Red Deer College Calendar for specific details http://rdc.ab.ca/about/policies-publications/policies/academic. Deferred Exams: A student who has missed or will miss a final exam because of illness, domestic afflict ...
... All grades will be assigned according to the Red Deer College grading system. See the Red Deer College Calendar for specific details http://rdc.ab.ca/about/policies-publications/policies/academic. Deferred Exams: A student who has missed or will miss a final exam because of illness, domestic afflict ...
Artificial selection on flowering time: influence on reproductive
... Dahlgren, von Zeipel & Ehrlen 2007; Jentsch et al. 2009; Crimmins, Crimmins & Bertelsen 2010; Munguı́a-Rosas et al. 2012). Testing artificial selection lines in natural environments permits a thorough evaluation of potential plastic changes in reproductive phenology associated with altered flowering t ...
... Dahlgren, von Zeipel & Ehrlen 2007; Jentsch et al. 2009; Crimmins, Crimmins & Bertelsen 2010; Munguı́a-Rosas et al. 2012). Testing artificial selection lines in natural environments permits a thorough evaluation of potential plastic changes in reproductive phenology associated with altered flowering t ...
Asexual but not clonal: evolutionary processes in
... diploid offspring that are a genetic mix of their parents. Conversely, bacteria, many unicellular and some multicellular eukaryotes reproduce clonally, i.e. their offspring are genetically identical to their mother. These two extreme genetic systems can also be alternated, e.g. a few generations of ...
... diploid offspring that are a genetic mix of their parents. Conversely, bacteria, many unicellular and some multicellular eukaryotes reproduce clonally, i.e. their offspring are genetically identical to their mother. These two extreme genetic systems can also be alternated, e.g. a few generations of ...
Ricklefs, R. E
... organism. Thus, different life histories might engage different mechanisms to influence life span, in which case results for one type of organism might not be generalizable. We should ask whether D. melanogaster and C. elegans, for example, are suitable models for understanding human ageing. Althoug ...
... organism. Thus, different life histories might engage different mechanisms to influence life span, in which case results for one type of organism might not be generalizable. We should ask whether D. melanogaster and C. elegans, for example, are suitable models for understanding human ageing. Althoug ...
Ch 22 Notes - Dublin City Schools
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
The Evolution of Aging Theories: Why Modern
... Legacy (pre-1952) aging theories based on unmodified Darwinian mechanics, while still popular with the general public, failed to explain many observations such as the huge inter-species variation in internally determined lifespans and are now deprecated by most gerontologists and medical researchers ...
... Legacy (pre-1952) aging theories based on unmodified Darwinian mechanics, while still popular with the general public, failed to explain many observations such as the huge inter-species variation in internally determined lifespans and are now deprecated by most gerontologists and medical researchers ...
Genetic erosion impedes adaptive responses to stressful
... by the same dynamics as neutral genetic variation independent of whether the alleles have deleterious or beneficial effects on fitness (Kimura 1983:45). On the other hand, deleterious alleles with large fitness effect, such as recessive lethals and detrimentals, will be effectively selected against ...
... by the same dynamics as neutral genetic variation independent of whether the alleles have deleterious or beneficial effects on fitness (Kimura 1983:45). On the other hand, deleterious alleles with large fitness effect, such as recessive lethals and detrimentals, will be effectively selected against ...
The Trials of Life: Natural Selection and Random Drift*
... our ignorance of the forces involved. Once we know about the forces causing the error, these can either be factored into the expected outcome, or eliminated from the experimental set-up. Error in the coin case is different; it is a built-in feature of the laws of probability. The expected outcome an ...
... our ignorance of the forces involved. Once we know about the forces causing the error, these can either be factored into the expected outcome, or eliminated from the experimental set-up. Error in the coin case is different; it is a built-in feature of the laws of probability. The expected outcome an ...
Name Period - TJ
... In summary, Charles Darwin described the idea of natural selection as a fundamental mechanism of change. Natural selection is a process in which the various heritable traits within a population are acted upon by environmental stresses. Those organisms possessing heritable traits that make them bette ...
... In summary, Charles Darwin described the idea of natural selection as a fundamental mechanism of change. Natural selection is a process in which the various heritable traits within a population are acted upon by environmental stresses. Those organisms possessing heritable traits that make them bette ...
Evolutionary Connectionism: Algorithmic Principles Underlying the
... side-effects on other traits? What is it about the organisation of an ecological community that causes some ecological relationships to remain stable over long periods of selection and applies a strong selective pressure for changes in other ecological relationships (e.g. between a particular herbiv ...
... side-effects on other traits? What is it about the organisation of an ecological community that causes some ecological relationships to remain stable over long periods of selection and applies a strong selective pressure for changes in other ecological relationships (e.g. between a particular herbiv ...
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.All of life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological ""tree of life"" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earth's current species range from 10 to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented.In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution include mutation and genetic drift.In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate ""progress"" within the largest-scale trends in evolution, became obsolete scientific theories. Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses, constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories, using observational data, and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory. Evolution is a cornerstone of modern science, accepted as one of the most reliably established of all facts and theories of science, based on evidence not just from the biological sciences but also from anthropology, psychology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific disciplines, as well as behavioral and social sciences. Understanding of evolution has made significant contributions to humanity, including the prevention and treatment of human disease, new agricultural products, industrial innovations, a subfield of computer science, and rapid advances in life sciences. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines (e.g., biological anthropology and evolutionary psychology) and in society at large.