PDF file - Department of Biology
... of DNA sequences). Exceptions to this point can occur via such phenomena as genomic conflict (e.g. Stearns and Hoekstra, 2005). ...
... of DNA sequences). Exceptions to this point can occur via such phenomena as genomic conflict (e.g. Stearns and Hoekstra, 2005). ...
Document
... populations were phenotypically more diverse, less stable and less productive compared to non- ...
... populations were phenotypically more diverse, less stable and less productive compared to non- ...
Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection
... is for a society to acknowledge what happened, even if all wrongs cannot be righted. Revisionist histories must go. Truth is required for reconciliation.What happens when science doesn't work as it should? Such is the case for the controversy over group selection, which began with Darwin, became p ...
... is for a society to acknowledge what happened, even if all wrongs cannot be righted. Revisionist histories must go. Truth is required for reconciliation.What happens when science doesn't work as it should? Such is the case for the controversy over group selection, which began with Darwin, became p ...
Conditions for sympatric speciation
... molluscs. They concluded that sympatric speciation may be an important component in evolutionary diversification for certain taxa, especially those subject to disruptive selection. Bush (1992) argued that non-allopatric speciation (i.e. without geographical isolation) may be common among small anima ...
... molluscs. They concluded that sympatric speciation may be an important component in evolutionary diversification for certain taxa, especially those subject to disruptive selection. Bush (1992) argued that non-allopatric speciation (i.e. without geographical isolation) may be common among small anima ...
Are Random Drift and Natural Selection Conceptually Distinct?
... biology to try to clarify debates within biology such as these, if possible. It is with this motivation that I seek to reexamine the questions that the debate presupposes. What is random drift? Can it be distinguished from natural selection? In addressing these questions I will not, however, take a ...
... biology to try to clarify debates within biology such as these, if possible. It is with this motivation that I seek to reexamine the questions that the debate presupposes. What is random drift? Can it be distinguished from natural selection? In addressing these questions I will not, however, take a ...
5 The Theory of Natural Selection - The application of population
... selection probably operate in many real cases, but the models we shall consider in this chapter all express selection in terms of differences in chance of survival. This is not to suggest that selection always operates only on survival; it is to keep the models simple and consistent. The model, in t ...
... selection probably operate in many real cases, but the models we shall consider in this chapter all express selection in terms of differences in chance of survival. This is not to suggest that selection always operates only on survival; it is to keep the models simple and consistent. The model, in t ...
Migration and the Genetic Covariance between Habitat Preference
... we would like to know whether migration plays an important role in determining how covariances evolve or whether pleiotropy is the dominant factor. In a more specific context, we are interested in understanding the causes of variation in the genetic covariance between habitat preference and traits c ...
... we would like to know whether migration plays an important role in determining how covariances evolve or whether pleiotropy is the dominant factor. In a more specific context, we are interested in understanding the causes of variation in the genetic covariance between habitat preference and traits c ...
Review Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution
... of DNA sequences). Exceptions to this point can occur via such phenomena as genomic conflict (e.g. Stearns and Hoekstra, 2005). ...
... of DNA sequences). Exceptions to this point can occur via such phenomena as genomic conflict (e.g. Stearns and Hoekstra, 2005). ...
Transformations of Lamarckism
... fact, is what the present volume is about. The volume is based on the papers presented and the discussions that took place in our workshop, and it describes work from a wide range of disciplines. Because of this we have included a glossary of some of the specialist terms that may be unfamiliar to th ...
... fact, is what the present volume is about. The volume is based on the papers presented and the discussions that took place in our workshop, and it describes work from a wide range of disciplines. Because of this we have included a glossary of some of the specialist terms that may be unfamiliar to th ...
genetic isolation by environment or distance: which pattern of gene
... The final two scenarios in Table 1 concern unrestricted (S4) versus highly restricted (S5) gene flow patterns and are an extension of the first two scenarios. First, gene flow may follow no pattern with respect to space or environmental gradients (i.e., no IBD or IBE). Species may have nearly unlimi ...
... The final two scenarios in Table 1 concern unrestricted (S4) versus highly restricted (S5) gene flow patterns and are an extension of the first two scenarios. First, gene flow may follow no pattern with respect to space or environmental gradients (i.e., no IBD or IBE). Species may have nearly unlimi ...
Behavioral changes, ecological niches and adaptive diversification
... Researchers have long been fascinated by the extraordinary variety of life forms and have tried to understand how evolution generated all this diversity across the tree of life. Although great progress ...
... Researchers have long been fascinated by the extraordinary variety of life forms and have tried to understand how evolution generated all this diversity across the tree of life. Although great progress ...
The Natures of Selection
... chances. A weighted coin is more likely to depart from a 50:50 ratio than a fair one. What happens in an actual population of organisms also depends both on the chances of surviving and reproducing of the members of that population, and on how large the population is. Sober is therefore able to dist ...
... chances. A weighted coin is more likely to depart from a 50:50 ratio than a fair one. What happens in an actual population of organisms also depends both on the chances of surviving and reproducing of the members of that population, and on how large the population is. Sober is therefore able to dist ...
Chapter 6
... As detailed below, the classic interpretation of Fisher’s theorem, along with both versions of Robertson’s theorem and the breeder’s equation, are all approximations (albeit often good ones), not formal mathematical theorems. In contrast, Price’s general expression for any type of selection response ...
... As detailed below, the classic interpretation of Fisher’s theorem, along with both versions of Robertson’s theorem and the breeder’s equation, are all approximations (albeit often good ones), not formal mathematical theorems. In contrast, Price’s general expression for any type of selection response ...
Ellstrand 2014
... had radically different views of the importance of gene flow. Discussion of gene flow in evolution textbooks of the mid-20th century ranged from thorough (e.g., Grant, 1963) to almost nil (e.g., Stebbins, 1966). Interestingly, the same is true for the first decade of the 21st century, (e.g., Futuyma ...
... had radically different views of the importance of gene flow. Discussion of gene flow in evolution textbooks of the mid-20th century ranged from thorough (e.g., Grant, 1963) to almost nil (e.g., Stebbins, 1966). Interestingly, the same is true for the first decade of the 21st century, (e.g., Futuyma ...
Strong ecological but weak evolutionary effects of elevated CO
... from populations growing near geothermal vents where concentrations of CO2 are naturally elevated have, in some instances, expressed higher fitness when grown in eCO2 than those from populations that grow in more typical conditions (Woodward et al., 1991; Woodward, 1993). These experiments, however, ...
... from populations growing near geothermal vents where concentrations of CO2 are naturally elevated have, in some instances, expressed higher fitness when grown in eCO2 than those from populations that grow in more typical conditions (Woodward et al., 1991; Woodward, 1993). These experiments, however, ...
The Nature and Units of Social Selection
... This implies that we only consider the case where members of the anterior set are eliminated through extinction. New entities can appear in the posterior set, but only in consequence of a replication process. Particular entities do not reappear after they have gone extinct. Through selection, a set ...
... This implies that we only consider the case where members of the anterior set are eliminated through extinction. New entities can appear in the posterior set, but only in consequence of a replication process. Particular entities do not reappear after they have gone extinct. Through selection, a set ...
empirical evidence for bet hedging Modes of response to
... of breeding—a key phenological event—and the emergence of their prey species—a time-sensitive resource [60]. Interestingly, plasticity to temperature in laying date in great tits is adaptive in a British population [53], but these norms of reaction are maladaptive and variable in a Dutch population ...
... of breeding—a key phenological event—and the emergence of their prey species—a time-sensitive resource [60]. Interestingly, plasticity to temperature in laying date in great tits is adaptive in a British population [53], but these norms of reaction are maladaptive and variable in a Dutch population ...
Evolutionary Response to Selection on Clutch Size in a Long‐Term
... the individual itself as well as on the performances of all related individuals while controlling for various environmental factors. The predicted breeding value will be a measure of the additive effects of an individual’s genes, that is, the expected effect of its genes passed on to its offspring ( ...
... the individual itself as well as on the performances of all related individuals while controlling for various environmental factors. The predicted breeding value will be a measure of the additive effects of an individual’s genes, that is, the expected effect of its genes passed on to its offspring ( ...
Chapter 6: Natural selection on phenotypes
... chance of encountering a mate, getting caught in a storm, or coming in contact with a disease may be random with respect to most or all phenotypic traits. Even if there is a consistent relationship between fitness and some traits, there may be many others that do not affect fitness in a given genera ...
... chance of encountering a mate, getting caught in a storm, or coming in contact with a disease may be random with respect to most or all phenotypic traits. Even if there is a consistent relationship between fitness and some traits, there may be many others that do not affect fitness in a given genera ...
SCI Grade 8 Shaping Natural Systems through Evolution
... Different kinds of organisms may play similar ecological roles in similar biomes. Many characteristics of an organism are inherited from the parents. Some characteristics are caused or influenced by the environment. There is variation among individuals of one kind within a population. Evolut ...
... Different kinds of organisms may play similar ecological roles in similar biomes. Many characteristics of an organism are inherited from the parents. Some characteristics are caused or influenced by the environment. There is variation among individuals of one kind within a population. Evolut ...
Evolutionary Chance Mutation
... conceptual and empirical requirement for explaining mutations due to these mechanisms. I will argue instead that all genetic mutations, including those due to mutator mechanisms, can be accounted for by the Modern Synthesis’ consensus view since they are not specifically caused in an (exclusively) a ...
... conceptual and empirical requirement for explaining mutations due to these mechanisms. I will argue instead that all genetic mutations, including those due to mutator mechanisms, can be accounted for by the Modern Synthesis’ consensus view since they are not specifically caused in an (exclusively) a ...
Evolutionary Chance Mutation: A Defense of the - Philsci
... conceptual and empirical requirement for explaining mutations due to these mechanisms. I will argue instead that all genetic mutations, including those due to mutator mechanisms, can be accounted for by the Modern Synthesis’ consensus view since they are not specifically caused in an (exclusively) a ...
... conceptual and empirical requirement for explaining mutations due to these mechanisms. I will argue instead that all genetic mutations, including those due to mutator mechanisms, can be accounted for by the Modern Synthesis’ consensus view since they are not specifically caused in an (exclusively) a ...
Probability in Biology: The Case of Fitness Roberta L. Millstein
... Thus, not only does the propensity interpretation solve the mismatch problem by proposing a view of fitness that is consistent with biologists’ usage of the term, but it also addresses the explanatory circularity problem. With the propensity interpretation, if we seek to explain why type A is leavin ...
... Thus, not only does the propensity interpretation solve the mismatch problem by proposing a view of fitness that is consistent with biologists’ usage of the term, but it also addresses the explanatory circularity problem. With the propensity interpretation, if we seek to explain why type A is leavin ...
An Individual-Based Modeling Approach to Investigate Sympatric
... Therefore, Intermediate horseshoe bats and Pearson’s horseshoe bats perfectly coexist in cave ecosystems without any competitive interactions due to their different preferential foraging specializations, thereby occupying diverse microenvironments of the cave ecosystem [32]. Darwin (1859) successful ...
... Therefore, Intermediate horseshoe bats and Pearson’s horseshoe bats perfectly coexist in cave ecosystems without any competitive interactions due to their different preferential foraging specializations, thereby occupying diverse microenvironments of the cave ecosystem [32]. Darwin (1859) successful ...
Adaptive speciation when assortative mating is
... To produce the next generation, each surviving female chooses a mating partner with relative probabilities determined by the function P(a,p,m¢). More precisely, the probability that a male with marker trait m¢ is chosen by a female with assortative P mating trait a and preference p is equal to Pða; ...
... To produce the next generation, each surviving female chooses a mating partner with relative probabilities determined by the function P(a,p,m¢). More precisely, the probability that a male with marker trait m¢ is chosen by a female with assortative P mating trait a and preference p is equal to Pða; ...
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.All of life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological ""tree of life"" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earth's current species range from 10 to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented.In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution include mutation and genetic drift.In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate ""progress"" within the largest-scale trends in evolution, became obsolete scientific theories. Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses, constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories, using observational data, and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory. Evolution is a cornerstone of modern science, accepted as one of the most reliably established of all facts and theories of science, based on evidence not just from the biological sciences but also from anthropology, psychology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific disciplines, as well as behavioral and social sciences. Understanding of evolution has made significant contributions to humanity, including the prevention and treatment of human disease, new agricultural products, industrial innovations, a subfield of computer science, and rapid advances in life sciences. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines (e.g., biological anthropology and evolutionary psychology) and in society at large.