Soft and hard selection on plant defence traits in Arabidopsis thaliana
... can be local – for example, plant populations that are regulated within individual patches. At the other end of the spectrum, population regulation can be global – for example, plant populations that are regulated at the forest level containing several suitable patches. These two alternative modes o ...
... can be local – for example, plant populations that are regulated within individual patches. At the other end of the spectrum, population regulation can be global – for example, plant populations that are regulated at the forest level containing several suitable patches. These two alternative modes o ...
The Flamingo`s Smile - A Website About Stephen Jay Gould`s
... down. Giraffes and camels bend their necks to drink, but keep their heads upright; flamingos actually lean straight over to feed, so that their “upper” bill is nearer the bottom of the salty pond and the “lower” bill is closer to the surface. In general, upper and lower bills (or jaws, in other vert ...
... down. Giraffes and camels bend their necks to drink, but keep their heads upright; flamingos actually lean straight over to feed, so that their “upper” bill is nearer the bottom of the salty pond and the “lower” bill is closer to the surface. In general, upper and lower bills (or jaws, in other vert ...
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
... category of formal causes separate from the efficient causes. The idea that organisms are perfectly adapted to their environments predates evolutionary theory. This idea was central to natural theology in which the perfect fit of organism and environment was considered evidence of di ...
... category of formal causes separate from the efficient causes. The idea that organisms are perfectly adapted to their environments predates evolutionary theory. This idea was central to natural theology in which the perfect fit of organism and environment was considered evidence of di ...
Are Random Drift and Natural Selection - Philsci
... of process (a discriminate sampling process), as well as a certain kind of outcome (an outcome where the fittest organisms have the greatest reproductive success).3 In distinguishing a process from its outcome, I mean to distinguish the kinds of changes that occur over time (the process) from the “e ...
... of process (a discriminate sampling process), as well as a certain kind of outcome (an outcome where the fittest organisms have the greatest reproductive success).3 In distinguishing a process from its outcome, I mean to distinguish the kinds of changes that occur over time (the process) from the “e ...
Maternal effects and evolution at ecological time
... 1. Genetic and environmental maternal effects can play an important role in the evolutionary dynamics of a population: they may have a substantial impact on the rate and direction of genetic change in response to selection, and they may generate immediate phenotypic change via phenotypic plasticity. ...
... 1. Genetic and environmental maternal effects can play an important role in the evolutionary dynamics of a population: they may have a substantial impact on the rate and direction of genetic change in response to selection, and they may generate immediate phenotypic change via phenotypic plasticity. ...
Group adaptation, formal darwinism and contextual analysis
... there are exactly two possibilities: either all individuals are genetically identical at all loci over than the overdominant locus (case A), or this is not so (case B). Both possibilities are consistent with the model assumptions. If we do not know whether case A or case B obtains, then for all we k ...
... there are exactly two possibilities: either all individuals are genetically identical at all loci over than the overdominant locus (case A), or this is not so (case B). Both possibilities are consistent with the model assumptions. If we do not know whether case A or case B obtains, then for all we k ...
Why the Gene Will Not Return* Elisabeth A. Lloyd
... and counted through, replicator success.10 At what levels of biological organization do interactions occur that make a difference to replicator success? There are a number of ways to study this question, including modeling, experimentation, and fieldwork,11 and various methods have been proposed ove ...
... and counted through, replicator success.10 At what levels of biological organization do interactions occur that make a difference to replicator success? There are a number of ways to study this question, including modeling, experimentation, and fieldwork,11 and various methods have been proposed ove ...
Ernst Mayr (1904–2005) and the new philosophy of biology
... power of the Darwinian process” (Mayr 2001, p. 229). But what do evolutionary biologists mean when they speak of ‘chance’? Since Darwin’s time the precise meaning of this concept in evolution has been misunderstood and it is still frequently misrepresented by critics of modern Darwinism. In the evol ...
... power of the Darwinian process” (Mayr 2001, p. 229). But what do evolutionary biologists mean when they speak of ‘chance’? Since Darwin’s time the precise meaning of this concept in evolution has been misunderstood and it is still frequently misrepresented by critics of modern Darwinism. In the evol ...
The Strength of Phenotypic Selection in Natural Populations
... analyses. First, the studies involved quantitative traits showing continuous phenotypic variation within the study population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically o ...
... analyses. First, the studies involved quantitative traits showing continuous phenotypic variation within the study population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically o ...
The Strength of Phenotypic Selection in Natural
... analyses. First, the studies involved quantitative traits showing continuous phenotypic variation within the study population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically o ...
... analyses. First, the studies involved quantitative traits showing continuous phenotypic variation within the study population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically o ...
On the assignment of fitness to parents and offspring: whose fitness
... known a priori as they are in our theoretical model. We must test a method of data analysis against the theory to know whether or not and under what circumstances to apply it to analyse data from nature. The conclusions we draw here also impact the construction of models because it is common for the ...
... known a priori as they are in our theoretical model. We must test a method of data analysis against the theory to know whether or not and under what circumstances to apply it to analyse data from nature. The conclusions we draw here also impact the construction of models because it is common for the ...
Parameter Control in Evolutionary Algorithms:Trends and Challenges
... into the chromosomes, thus co-evolving solutions and strategy parameters. However, some authors used a different name for the same technique, e.g. [78] used the term “meta-evolution” for self-adaptation, and some others used the same name for a different technique, e.g.[58] used the term self-adapta ...
... into the chromosomes, thus co-evolving solutions and strategy parameters. However, some authors used a different name for the same technique, e.g. [78] used the term “meta-evolution” for self-adaptation, and some others used the same name for a different technique, e.g.[58] used the term self-adapta ...
PeterMoranPhDThesis - St Andrews Research Repository
... differentiation does not strongly support contemporary species interactions contributing to phenotypic diversity. Numerous barriers exist between the species, in particular hybrid females are sterile in both cross directions, while hybrid males are relatively fertile. This provides a rare exception ...
... differentiation does not strongly support contemporary species interactions contributing to phenotypic diversity. Numerous barriers exist between the species, in particular hybrid females are sterile in both cross directions, while hybrid males are relatively fertile. This provides a rare exception ...
Between Zeus and the Salmon
... cofactors into demographic models—cluster around this very practical question of prediction, whose answer some of us may live to know. Confronting this question, the in-house tools of traditional demography— accurate accounting of vital trends and descriptive modeling of variability across time and ...
... cofactors into demographic models—cluster around this very practical question of prediction, whose answer some of us may live to know. Confronting this question, the in-house tools of traditional demography— accurate accounting of vital trends and descriptive modeling of variability across time and ...
list of abstracts
... evaluate theory for the evolution of sexual reproduction. Specifically, we tested whether sex is beneficial when populations are exposed to predation. We used an algal-rotifer system to first show that sex in an algal prey provides a direct fitness benefit by combining different beneficial mutations ...
... evaluate theory for the evolution of sexual reproduction. Specifically, we tested whether sex is beneficial when populations are exposed to predation. We used an algal-rotifer system to first show that sex in an algal prey provides a direct fitness benefit by combining different beneficial mutations ...
Stewart_Kathryn_A_201302_PhD - QSpace
... divergent between Eastern and Interior allopatric populations and show asymmetrical reproductive character displacement in sympatry. Female preference of pure lineage individuals is also exaggerated in sympatry, with hybrids showing intermediate traits and preference. I suggest that these patterns a ...
... divergent between Eastern and Interior allopatric populations and show asymmetrical reproductive character displacement in sympatry. Female preference of pure lineage individuals is also exaggerated in sympatry, with hybrids showing intermediate traits and preference. I suggest that these patterns a ...
the biology of speciation
... the first will inevitably follow, sooner or later, as the incidental consequence of the second” (Poulton 1908, p. 65). He continues by offering a list of these premating reproductive barriers including “asyngamy” as a consequence of allopatry, mechanical isolation, and preferential mating. Dobzhansk ...
... the first will inevitably follow, sooner or later, as the incidental consequence of the second” (Poulton 1908, p. 65). He continues by offering a list of these premating reproductive barriers including “asyngamy” as a consequence of allopatry, mechanical isolation, and preferential mating. Dobzhansk ...
Multilevel And Sex-Specific Selection On Competitive Traits In North
... Data archival: the data set is archived on Dryad (info XXX), with a five-year embargo from the date of publication. ...
... Data archival: the data set is archived on Dryad (info XXX), with a five-year embargo from the date of publication. ...
Thinking About Evolutionary Mechanisms: Natural Selection
... process of evolution includes all mechanisms of genetic change that occur in organisms through time, with special emphasis on those mechanisms that promote the adaptation of organisms to their environment or that lead to the formation of new, reproductively isolated species” (Hartl and Clark, 1989, ...
... process of evolution includes all mechanisms of genetic change that occur in organisms through time, with special emphasis on those mechanisms that promote the adaptation of organisms to their environment or that lead to the formation of new, reproductively isolated species” (Hartl and Clark, 1989, ...
Skipper/Millstein, “Evolutionary Mechanisms” - Philsci
... process of evolution includes all mechanisms of genetic change that occur in organisms through time, with special emphasis on those mechanisms that promote the adaptation of organisms to their environment or that lead to the formation of new, reproductively isolated species” (Hartl and Clark, 1989, ...
... process of evolution includes all mechanisms of genetic change that occur in organisms through time, with special emphasis on those mechanisms that promote the adaptation of organisms to their environment or that lead to the formation of new, reproductively isolated species” (Hartl and Clark, 1989, ...
Mrs. Whitecar CMS 7 th grade Ch 12 TEST: Adaptations over time
... an antiobiotic made from fungus that is an example of punctuated equilibrium. study of the development of the embryos of organisms evolution as a slow change of one species to another Origin of the Species body parts that are reduced in size with no apparent function survival of the fittest evolutio ...
... an antiobiotic made from fungus that is an example of punctuated equilibrium. study of the development of the embryos of organisms evolution as a slow change of one species to another Origin of the Species body parts that are reduced in size with no apparent function survival of the fittest evolutio ...
Synthetic analyses of phenotypic selection in natural
... Natural and sexual selection are the primary mechanisms that cause adaptive evolution within natural populations (Darwin 1859). Despite the centrality of selection to Darwin’s theory of evolution, he never quantified selection in the wild. In the century following the publication of The Origin of Sp ...
... Natural and sexual selection are the primary mechanisms that cause adaptive evolution within natural populations (Darwin 1859). Despite the centrality of selection to Darwin’s theory of evolution, he never quantified selection in the wild. In the century following the publication of The Origin of Sp ...
Evolution Practice
... 1. What unexpected observation helped lead Darwin to develop the theory of natural selection? (1 point) (0 pts) Mountain building occurs in a slow process over time. (0 pts) Earthquakes take place in the Andes Mountains in Chile. (0 pts) Farmers use selective breeding to develop more useful crops. ( ...
... 1. What unexpected observation helped lead Darwin to develop the theory of natural selection? (1 point) (0 pts) Mountain building occurs in a slow process over time. (0 pts) Earthquakes take place in the Andes Mountains in Chile. (0 pts) Farmers use selective breeding to develop more useful crops. ( ...
An Introduction to Biological Aging Theory
... trait. We look to evolution theory to explain why living species possess their particular designs and so theorists produced evolutionary theories of aging that attempt to explain why different species would have evolved different lifespans. Charles Darwin[1] published his book On the Origin of Speci ...
... trait. We look to evolution theory to explain why living species possess their particular designs and so theorists produced evolutionary theories of aging that attempt to explain why different species would have evolved different lifespans. Charles Darwin[1] published his book On the Origin of Speci ...
Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution
... of DNA sequences). Exceptions to this point can occur via such phenomena as genomic conflict (e.g. Stearns and Hoekstra, 2005). ...
... of DNA sequences). Exceptions to this point can occur via such phenomena as genomic conflict (e.g. Stearns and Hoekstra, 2005). ...
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.All of life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological ""tree of life"" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earth's current species range from 10 to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented.In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution include mutation and genetic drift.In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate ""progress"" within the largest-scale trends in evolution, became obsolete scientific theories. Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses, constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories, using observational data, and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory. Evolution is a cornerstone of modern science, accepted as one of the most reliably established of all facts and theories of science, based on evidence not just from the biological sciences but also from anthropology, psychology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific disciplines, as well as behavioral and social sciences. Understanding of evolution has made significant contributions to humanity, including the prevention and treatment of human disease, new agricultural products, industrial innovations, a subfield of computer science, and rapid advances in life sciences. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines (e.g., biological anthropology and evolutionary psychology) and in society at large.